(Co)variance components for milk, fat, and protein yield of 8075 first-parity Danish Holsteins (DH) were estimated in random regression models by REML. For all analyses, the fixed part of the model was held constant, whereas four different functions were applied to model the additive genetic effect and the permanent environment effect. Homogeneous residual variance was assumed throughout lactation. Univariate models were compared using a minimum of -2 ln(restricted likelihood) as the criterion for best fit. Heritabilities as a function of time were calculated from the estimated curve parameters from univariate analyses. Independent of the function applied and the trait in question, heritabilities were lowest in the beginning of the lactation. Heritabilities for persistency of fat yield were slightly higher than heritabilities for persistency of milk and protein yield. Genetic correlations between persistency and 305-d production were higher for protein and milk yield than for fat yield. Bivariate analyses between the production traits were carried out in sire models using the models with the best 3-parameter curve fit in the univariate analyses. Correlations between traits were calculated from covariance components for curve parameters estimated in bivariate analyses. Genetic correlations between milk and protein yield were higher than between milk and fat yield.

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The value of crossbreeding in livestock species has been known for a long time; it has been used heavily within beef cattle, pig, and poultry production systems for several decades. This has not been the case for dairy production but lately there has been increased interest in crossbreeding dairy breeds. This review focuses on the practical and theoretical background of crossbreeding and describes the gain to be expected using systematic crossbreeding in dairy production. In Denmark, 24% of dairy farmers would consider starting crossbreeding programs within their herd. Evidence for the value of crossbreeding is documented with special emphasis on results from a Danish crossbreeding experiment. This experiment included 1,680 cows from 3 breeds and their crosses. In general, at least 10% heterosis can be expected for total merit, mainly due to increased longevity and improvement of functional traits. A minor part of heterosis for total merit is due to heterosis for production traits. For production, there is evidence of recombination loss using continued crossbreeding programs, which does not seem to be the case for longevity and total merit. However, recombination loss should be investigated more carefully as crossbreeding is becoming more popular. A prerequisite for crossbreeding to be beneficial on a long-term basis is that genetic gain within the parental breeds not be reduced. As long as the crossbred cow population constitutes less than 50% of the whole population, and young bulls can be tested through crossbred offspring, this prerequisite can be fulfilled. Crossbreeding can increase dairy income substantially, especially in management systems requiring a high level of functional traits.

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The topic of the present thesis is 'Translation of Metaphors into Persian in the Subtitlingof American Movies'. Here, the notion of 'metaphor' is restricted to orientational metaphors which are among the three basic types of metaphors presented by Lakoff and Johnson (1980) in their Contemporary Theory of Metaphor (CTM). On the other hand, the term 'subtitling' is bound to interlingual subtitling which is defined by Karamitroglou (2000) as the translation of the spoken (or written) source text of an audiovisual product into a written target text which is added into the images of the original product, usually at the bottom of the screen. Therefore, this is an investigation about the interlingual subtitling of the English orientational metaphors in Persian. The required data for this study has been extracted from ten original American action movies. The researcher has extracted the English orientational metaphors from the movies under this study based on the definition provided for this particular type of metaphor in the CTM. In the next step, the English metaphors are interpreted based on the basic patterns of orientational metaphors by Lakoff and Johnson (1980). The background model of this thesis is the cognitive model of Al-Hasnawi (2007) for the translation of the SL metaphor to the TL.The collected orientational metaphors are grouped under three schemes, which are presented in Al-Hasnawi's model, to classify them as universal and culture-specific and to translate them into Persian by the strategies which are presented for each scheme in this model. After the discussion of findings, the researcher noticed that a considerable number of the extracted data belonged to a group which was not accounted for in the model of Al-Hasnawi; therefore, he suggested another scheme and its relevant strategy for inclusion among the ones presented by A-Hasnawi. The findings of this thesis iv determine the basic patterns of mapping conditions for the orientational metaphors under this study based on the CTM. In the meantime, it is clearly shown that the three schemes and their relevant strategies presented by Al-Hasnawi (2007) ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSIt is a pleasure to thank those who made this thesis possible.