Recent technological developments have increased the number of variables being monitored in lakes and reservoirs using automatic high frequency monitoring (AHFM). However, design of AHFM systems and posterior data handling and interpretation are currently being developed on a site-by-site and issue-by-issue basis with minimal standardization of protocols or knowledge sharing. As a result, many deployments become short-lived or underutilized, and many new scientific developments that are potentially useful for water management and environmental legislation remain underexplored. This Critical Review bridges scientific uses of AHFM with their applications by providing an overview of the current AHFM capabilities, together with examples of successful applications. We review the use of AHFM for maximizing the provision of ecosystem services supplied by lakes and reservoirs (consumptive and non consumptive uses, food production, and recreation), and for reporting lake status in the EU Water Framework Directive. We also highlight critical issues to enhance the application of AHFM, and suggest the establishment of appropriate networks to facilitate knowledge sharing and technological transfer between potential users. Finally, we give advice on how modern sensor technology can successfully be applied on a larger scale to the management of lakes and reservoirs and maximize the ecosystem services they provide.
Fishponds were and are purposeful water structures. Fish production is their main function and rational management is an inevitable condition for their existence. The present high level of fishpond eutrophication results in nutrients overloading. The effect of the high level of nutrients is emphasized by top-down control of zooplankton by high fish stock densities. Currently the zooplankton is represented by small species such as nauplii, small cyclopoid copepods, small species of Cladocera and rotifers that are not so effective filtrators. The high eutrophic level brings about high primary production (mostly with predominance of inedible Cyanophytes) which cannot be used by this type of zooplankton. The main consequences of high eutrophication are large fluctuations in basic environmental parameters and a decrease in production effectivity. It is expected that the utilization efficiency of the enormous primary production through zooplankton into fish production is low. Therefore, maintaining ecological stability and healthy, sound functioning of the ecosystem, meaning without considerable fluctuations, represents an important task in sustainable fishpond management.
Four production fishponds in the Czech Republic were investigated in 2003 and 2004 during a feeding experiment on common carp (Cyprinus carpio). In 2003, topmouth gudgeon (Pseudorasbora parva) was detected in enormous amounts in all of the investigated fishponds. P. parva got into the fishponds spontaneously by water inflow from connecting channels. The objective of this paper is to describe the condition of natural food in the presence of P. parva and its subsequent effect on carp production. The estimation of the population density of P. parva achieved at least 44 kg ha −1 in 2003. In 2004, precautions against P. parva invasion were taken and its presence wasn't recorded during the season. The impact of P. parva on natural food structure was described in terms of zooplankton and zoobenthos amounts and main fish production parameters. A special focus has been taken on the density of Daphnia genus and chironomid larvae, the most preferred zooplanktonic and zoobenthic groups in feed of P. parva, respectively. In 2003, P. parva suppressed the zooplankton populations significantly, especially large cladocerans of the Daphnia genus. Influence of P. parva on zoobenthos structure and density was not detectable. Unfavorable natural food condition in 2003 caused extremely low carp production which fell to the mean value of 283 kg ha −1 and food conversion ratio reached 3.5. On the contrary, in 2004 the mean carp production and food conversion ratio attained 634 kg ha −1 and 1.6, respectively. The results described harmful competitive effect of huge populations of P. parva and its surprising economic consequences. Costs per 1 kg of growth were increased by approximately 100% in 2003 compared with results from season 2004.
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