No abstract

A model for traffic flow in street networks or material flows in supply networks is presented, that takes into account the conservation of cars or materials and other significant features of traffic flows such as jam formation, spillovers, and load-dependent transportation times. Furthermore, conflicts or coordination problems of intersecting or merging flows are considered as well. Making assumptions regarding the permeability of the intersection as a function of the conflicting flows and the queue lengths, we find self-organized oscillations in the flows similar to the operation of traffic lights.

Imperfect altruism between generations may lead to insufficient capital accumulation. We study the welfare consequences of taxing the rent on a fixed production factor, such as land, in combination with age-dependent redistributions as a remedy. Taxing rent enhances welfare by increasing capital investment. This holds for any tax rate and recycling of the tax revenues except for combinations of high taxes and strongly redistributive recycling. We prove that specific forms of recycling the land rent tax-a transfer directed at fundless newborns or a capital subsidy-allow reproducing the social optimum under parameter restrictions valid for most economies.

A model describing the electrooxidation of H2−CO mixtures on rotating Pt electrodes is presented together with a bifurcation analysis for the main experimental parameters. We discuss dynamic instabilities partly caused by a chemical autocatalysis stemming from the CO subsystem and partly from an electrical autocatalysis with the electrode potential as the essential positive feedback variable. Hence, the system contains two different pairs of activator−inhibitor feedback loops. Depending on the parameters, one of the two interaction schemes is dominant, and we find either a so-called S-NDR or an HN-NDR system. However, there are also parameter regimes where the interplay of both loops gives rise to oscillations, greatly enlarging the dynamically unstable parameter range.

The Paris Agreement's very ambitious mitigation goals, notably to "pursue efforts" to limit warming to 1.5°C, imply that climate policy will remain a national affair for some time. One key obstacle to very ambitious national mitigation is that some policymakers perceive this to be in competition with major goals of fiscal policy, such as public investment or debt reduction. However, climate policy may actually contribute to these other objectives. Importantly, many fiscal implications of substantial carbon prices, which are essential for stringent mitigation targets such as the 1.5°C goal, have long been neglected by economic analyses of climate change mitigation.We systematically review recent contributions on interactions between climate policy and public finance, which include many topics beyond the classic `double dividend' of environmental tax swaps.We can thus identify new conclusions about climate policy designs that may overcome fiscal objections and research gaps. We find that national climate policy often aligns with other objectives, provided that climate-and fiscal policies are integrated well.A first class of interactions concerns public revenue-raising: carbon pricing can replace distortionary taxes and alleviate international tax competition; climate policy also changes asset values, which impacts the base of non-climate taxes and boosts productive investment. Second, they concern public spending, which needs to be restructured as a part of climate policy, while carbon