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Second-life applications of automotive lithium-ion batteries are currently investigated for grid stabilization. Reutilization depends on reliable projections of the remaining useful life. However, reports on sudden degradation of lithium-ion-cells near 80% state of health challenge these extrapolations. Sudden degradation was demonstrated for different positive active materials. This work elucidates the cause of sudden degradation in detail. As part of a larger study on nonlinear degradation, in-depth analyses of cells with different residual capacities are performed. Sudden degradation of capacity is found to be triggered by the appearance of lithium plating confined to small characteristic areas, generated by heterogeneous compression. The resulting lithium loss rapidly alters the balancing of the electrodes, thus generating a self-amplifying circle of active material and lithium loss. Changes in impedance and open-circuit voltage are explained by the expansion of degraded patches. Destructive analysis reveals that sudden degradation is caused by the graphite electrode while the positive electrode is found unchanged except for delithiation caused by side reactions on the negative electrode. Our findings illustrate the importance of homogeneous compression of the electrode assembly and carbon electrode formulation. Finally, a quick test to evaluate the vulnerability of cell designs toward sudden degradation is proposed

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Diffusion coefficients are important parameters for the characterization of new electrode materials, but they are also essential for the study of cell aging and as input parameters in battery modeling. In this report, the applicability of the galvanostatic intermittent titration technique (GITT) on commercial cells is studied. A GITT protocol is applied on a set of commercial cells with graphite anodes and various cathode materials. The cell response is then compared with the ones of the individual electrodes, obtained in three-electrode and half-cell configurations. In particular, mostly due to the particular potential profile of graphite, the full cell GITT response corresponds to the anode and cathode response at low and high state of charge, respectively. Therefore, it is possible to estimate the diffusion coefficients of the individual electrodes by a simple experiment on commercial cells, although only in limited ranges of SOC. If the experiments are performed at different temperatures, it is also possible to determine the activation energies of the diffusion coefficients. In conclusion, GITT allows an estimation of the diffusivity data in commercial cells, and can be therefore used as fast analytical tool for the study of aging and for the modeling of lithium-ion batteries.