Goats are important from a socioeconomic perspective for the poor in arid regions, worldwide. Nevertheless, more than half of the local breeds in the world are threatened and have not been fully characterized. The Canindé is one of the main local breeds of northeastern Brazil and, like most, their effective numbers have fallen over the years and needs to be characterized. Many tools are available for assessing the phenotypic profile of a breed and multivariate techniques are important when considering all variables simultaneously. The present study utilized multivariate techniques for phenotypic characterization of the Canindé goat breed from 11 morphometric variables (HL = head length; FW = face width; HW = head width; BL = body length; CG = chest girth; WH = wither height; SRH = sacral region height; CW = croup width; CL = croup length, SP = shin perimeter and ES = ear size) and morphological variables of qualitative character (presence and absence of earrings, horns, beard, abnormal teat number and hair length) collected from herds from different states (populations) in the northeast of Brazil. Multivariate analysis allowed the differentiation and characterization of the evaluated individuals, HL, FW, WH, SRH and BL variables were the most important to define the phenotypic profile of the studied populations. Examined whether spatial organization of individuals was assessed in each state of the Brazil demonstrated considerable diversity of phenotypes within breeds from the different states. These data could be used successfully in a conservation breeding programme.

a b s t r a c tThe aim of this study was to characterize the adaptive profile and identify variables with great discriminatory power of the Brazilian Azul goat population and Italian Garfagnina population, through the use of principal component and canonical discriminant analysis. A total of 110 Garfagnina milking females (60 in winter and 50 in summer) and 80 Brazilian Azul (40 in winter and 40 in summer) were considered. Air temperature ( • C), black globe temperature (BGT) and relative humidity (%) were measured with the aid of an automatic weather station. Some physiological parameters (rectal temperature -RT, respiratory rate -RR, skin temperature -ST and heart rate -HR), some anatomical parameters (hair diameter -HD and hair length -HL), some hematological parameters (erythrocyte -RBCs, packed cell volume -PCV and mean corpuscular volume -MCV), some blood biochemical parameters (glucose -GLI, cholesterol -COL, triglycerides -TRI, creatinine -CRE, urea -URE, total protein -PRT, albumin -ALB, globulin -GLO, albumin and globulin ratio -A/G, gamma -glutamyl transferase -GGT and aspartate aminotransferase -AST) and some stressed hormones (thyroxine -T4, triiodothyronine -T3 and cortisol -COR) were measured. The variables with greater discriminant power were T3, ST, COR, T4, GGT, HD, GLO, HL and PCV to Garfagnina population and PRT, MCV, PCV, ALB, T4, ST, HL, RBCs, TRI and GGT in the Azul Brazilian population. Classification of the animals was more accurate when considering morphological, physiological, hematological, biochemical and hormonal variables jointly.

Background: Bridging the gap between local and scientific knowledge can have useful implications in the teaching-learning process because it can create environments conducive to the valorization of sociocultural diversity in schools. The present review aims to analyze the profile and contributions of scientific publications dealing with articulations between local and scientific knowledge in basic formal education. Method: Combined searches of 14 terms related to ethnoscience and 20 terms of education were conducted in English, Portuguese, and Spanish using the databases of Web of Science, Scopus, Science Direct, and Scielo. The recovered works were filtered, organized in a spreadsheet, and analyzed for publication characteristics (year, author, periodicals, countries of origin of the authors, and countries surveyed) and contents of the studies (epistemological bases, techniques of application, and record of the articulation of local and scientific knowledge). Results: The research field that establishes these articulations is growing, with 81% of the works being written in the English language. A total of 494 researchers were recorded. The USA, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and Australia were the countries of origin of the first author for the majority (64%) of the works considered. Multiculturalism, Vygotskian theory of learning, postcolonial theory, constructivism, critical pedagogy, and the argumentation theory were the main theoretical bases of half of the recovered works in which some explicit theoretical orientation could be found. Teacher training and interviews stood out as important tools in the application and record of links between local and scientific knowledge, respectively. Conclusions: Interdisciplinary approaches were common in the conception and application of pedagogical activities reported in the recovered works. Articulations between local and scientific knowledge are effective for culturally-sensitive scientific education, especially (but not exclusively) in schools directly related to traditional communities. There was a tendency to emphasize the teacher as a fundamental agent in the search for education that establishes these articulations. The authors of the analyzed works frequently indicated a need for greater proximity of the community to school spaces.

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