A survey research was conducted to study about the economics, production and marketing of banana in Kailali district. The study was conducted in Tikapur municipality of Kailali district. 80 banana growers were selected randomly for the study. Primary data was collected from pre-tested interview schedule, direct observation. The main occupation of the HH was found to be agriculture with dominance of banana cultivation. The results of multi linear regression model revealed variables like education status, expenses on planting materials, expenses on fertilizers and micronutrient, membership of the group and cooperatives have positive significant effect on yield of banana. Major production problems of the study area were disease and pest followed by destruction due to wind. The B/C Ratio was found 1.83 which goes on increasing up to production cycle. Thus the banana production is one of the viable enterprises. If government encouraged disease resistant variety and good agriculture practices bumper production can be achieved to match the national demand.

The knowledge base of behavior modification methods that are appropriate and successful for public health interventions has outrun the growth of community-based health education efforts. However, data from several large-scale studies suggest that social marketing ideas and practices could be able to assist bridge the divide. The idea is that the two C4D paradigms (persuasive and participative) are complementary rather than mutually exclusive. The use of a shopper direction to create and promote intercession procedures, trade hypothesis as a model from which to conceptualize administration conveyance and program investment, crowd investigation and division techniques, the use of developmental exploration in program planning and pretesting of mediation materials, and channel examination for conceiving dispersion frameworks are all covered in this article. Paying attention to such elements may result in more cost-effective programs that reach a larger audience. This research focuses on the theoretical evaluation of the role of social media. Paying attention to these elements may result in more cost-effective programs that reach a larger audience. This work examined the importance of social marketing in communication for development and social change theoretically. A two-dimensional grid for Development and Social Change is offered based on the Communication Mode and Object of Change. It includes social marketing and other persuasive and participative communication tactics. As a result, the research supports Convergent Communication for Development.

Boron is available in nature in rocks and deposits and the availability is influenced by soil organic matter, soil pH, soil texture, and temperature and is taken up by plants in non-ionic form H3BO3 (boric acid) but this concentration account for only about 10% of total soil boron leading to boron deficiency. Also, boron toxicity may occur in low rainfall, extremely alkaline, and saline soils harming plants’ growth and development. Boron shortage and toxicity in plants have a fairly narrow range, and both are detrimental. Hence, it is needed to critically balance boron homeostasis in cropping soil. The concentration of boron in cultivated soil in different agroecological regions was found to be low to very low (1mg/kg of soil) in this review study, which was undertaken to familiarize the status of boron in Nepalese cultivated land. In separate micronutrient investigations, a few additional micronutrients were shown to be medium albeit, boron was found to be low even in the valley (>0.01ppm) including all three ecological regions. This shows boron deficiency is a universal problem in Nepal affecting 80-90% of agricultural soil. And this problem can be corrected by both foliar applications and by soil application of boron sources such as borate as per the recommended dose.

Farmers are using pesticides without or with little knowledge about their doses, rate, waiting periods, residual health hazards, etc. It is necessary to have good knowledge of safe consumption for both producers and consumers. The purpose of this study was to analyze the residue percentage in vegetables that reach the central vegetable market, Kalimati fruits and vegetable market, Kathmandu, from where we collected a total of 80 samples with a purposive sampling method and tested in the laboratory, 40 samples were tested for organophosphate (OP), and 40 for carbamate (C) residue percentage, using the RBPR kit. The highest and lowest OP% were found in cauliflower of Dhading (77.09%C) and okra of Chitwan (0.11%C) respectively. The highest and lowest carbamate% were found in the bitter gourds of Dhading (22.82%) and okra of Chitwan (0.31%) respectively. Two samples of cauliflower (77.09% OP) and bitter gourd (50.13% OP) from Dhading were observed to have an inhibiting percentage of more than 45% which meant unsafe for consumption. This shows that among the 100% samples, 2.50% are unsafe for consumption and others are safe. For cent % safe consumption, the waiting period needs to be followed properly before harvesting and consumption.

This is an experimental research study carried out at the laboratory of wholesale fruits and vegetable market, Attarya, Kailali, to analyze organophosphate and carbamate pesticide residue in vegetables grown and marketed in four different districts of far-west Nepal by Rapid Bioassay of Pesticide Residue. The main goal of this study is to determine the proportion of AChE inhibition in various vegetable commodities and to compare the pesticide residue. Seven different vegetables were collected purposively from four distinct areas in Nepal’s far west region. Each of the 28 vegetable samples was analyzed for both organophosphate and carbamate residues. The sample was extracted from each vegetable and examined through a spectrophotometer and the data are interpreted. The experiment’s findings suggest that the Beans from Kanchanpur had the highest OP (21.69 percent) while cucumber from Dadeldhura had the lowest (0.07 percent). The bitter gourd of Kailali had the greatest C (24.39 percent), while the bottle gourd of Doti had the lowest (0.49 percent). All 56 items examined in the Attariya market laboratory were found to have low pesticide residue, with less than 35%. However, the waiting period must be strictly adhered to.