SUMMARY Sleep is essential for survival and humans spend approximately one-third of their life asleep. Adequate sleep is needed to maintain both physical and psychological health. Routinely getting less than the recommended amount of sleep for your age can have profound negative effects on health, such as increasing the likeliness of psychiatric illness, diabetes, cardiovascular disease and stroke. In children and adults with neurodevelopmental disorders, the prevalence of sleep disorders is significantly higher than in the general population. Given the relationship between sleep and psychiatric disorders, it is essential that psychiatrists have knowledge of the principles of sleep medicine. In this article, we focus on the common sleep disorders found in those with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and give an overview of screening, diagnosis and management.

Shortened version of the title for use in running heads:Cognitive function and psychosocial well-being in children with narcolepsy. Conflicts of interestThe authors have no conflicts of interest to declare pertaining to this review. AcknowledgementsThe review was conducted as part of Miss Jane Blackwell's PhD that is funded by a University of Leeds Anniversary Research Scholarship. Miss Hetaf Alammar's PhD is funded by Shaqra University, Saudi Arabia. SUMMARYIn August 2010, concerns were raised about an increase in the incidence rate of narcolepsy diagnosis in children and adolescents. Narcolepsy is a chronic neurological sleep disorder characterised by excessive daytime sleepiness and attacks of muscle weakness which are often precipitated by strong emotions, known as cataplexy. We systematically examined and updated the scientific literature on the consequences of narcolepsy on cognitive function and psychosocial well-being in school-age children. Eight studies published between 2005 and 2015 were eligible for inclusion in this review. Collectively the results provide evidence to suggest that children who develop narcolepsy are at significant risk of cognitive impairment in at least one domain and emotional problems including depression, anxiety and low selfesteem. Children with narcolepsy should be monitored carefully in order to manage and reduce the impact of any impairments present. The existing literature is limited by small sample sizes, lack of appropriate controls and lack of longitudinal data. Future research should aim to address the limitations of the current work and aim to determine the underlying cause of cognitive and psychological impairments. This will enable the design of effective interventions to support children with narcolepsy so that they are able to achieve their full potential.

ObjectiveWe set out to test whether the early years foundation stage profile (EYFSP) score derived from 17 items assessed by teachers at the end of reception school year had any association with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) diagnosis in subsequent years. This study tested the feasibility of successfully linking education and health data.DesignA retrospective data linkage study.Setting and participantsThe Born in Bradford longitudinal cohort of 13, 857 children.Outcome measuresWe linked the EYFSP score at the end of reception year with subsequent diagnosis of an ASD, using all ASD general practitioner Read codes. We used the total EYFSP score and a subscore consisting of five key items in the EYFSP, prospectively identified using a panel of early years autism experts.ResultsThis study demonstrated the feasibility of linking education and health data using ASDs as an exemplar. A total of 8,935 children had linked primary care and education data with 20.7% scoring <25 on the total EYFSP and 15.2% scoring <10 on a EYFSP subscore proposed by an expert panel prospectively. The rate of diagnosis of ASDs at follow-up was just under 1% (84 children), children scoring <25 on the total EYFSP had a 4.1% chance of ASD compared with 0.15% of the remaining children. Using the prospectively designed subscore, this difference was greater (6.4% and 0.12%, respectively).ConclusionsWe demonstrate the feasibility of linking education and health data. Performance on teacher ratings taken universally in school reception class can flag children at risk of ASDs. Further research is warranted to explore the utility of EYFSP as an initial screening tool for ASD in early school years.

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