Noncontingent reinforcement (NCR) was used as an intervention with 2 elderly dementia patients who engaged in disruptive vocalization. Several assessment procedures, including functional analysis, were conducted to identify reinforcing stimuli for use in the NCR intervention. Functional analyses and the NCR intervention were implemented in each participant's natural environment. NCR was effective in reducing disruptive vocalizations.

Background: To review published reports of the usage of atypical antipsychotics for behavioural problems of dementia patients. Methods: The electronic database Medline was searched from 1999 to 2006 with a combination of search terms including ‘behavioural problems’ and ‘atypical antipsychotics’. Results: Thirteen eligible studies were included in the overall analysis. The total number of participants was 1,683, of whom 1,015 received medication and 668 received placebo. Medications studied were risperidone, olanzapine, and quetiapine. Other studies examined other types of medications, such as typical versus atypical antipsychotics, but only data for atypical antipsychotics were included in the meta-analysis. The mean effect size for 7 placebo-controlled studies was 0.45 (95% CI = 0.16–0.74) for atypical antipsychotics, and 0.32 (95% CI = 0.10–0.53) for placebo. The mean effect size of all 13 studies included in the analysis was 0.31 (95% CI = 0.08–0.54). Conclusions: In general, effect sizes of atypical antipsychotics for behavioural problems are medium, and there are no statistically or clinically significant differences between atypical antipsychotics and placebo.

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