Water resource recovery facility (WRRF) modeling requires robust and reliable characterization of the wastewater to be treated. Poor characterization can lead to unreliable model predictions, which can have significant economic consequences when models are used to make important facility upgrade/expansion and operational decisions. Current wastewater characterization practice often involves a limited number of relatively short-duration intensive campaigns. On-going work at the Great Lakes Water Authority (GLWA) WRRF, serving 3.1 million residents in Southeast Michigan, provided an opportunity to conduct more detailed wastewater characterization over an annual cycle. The collection system includes a significant combined sewer component, and the WRRF provides primary and secondary treatment (high purity oxygen activated sludge) and phosphorus removal via ferric chloride addition. Detailed wastewater fractionation was conducted weekly over a one-year period. Daily conventional secondary influent and process operational data from that same period were used to evaluate the efficiency of various wastewater characterization strategies on the bioreactor mixed liquor volatile suspended solids (MLVSS) concentration calculated using an International Water Association (IWA) Activated Sludge Model Number 1 (ASM1) with minor modifications. An adaptive strategy consisting of a series of short-duration characterization campaigns, used to assess model fit for its intended purpose and continued until a robust and reliable model result, is recommended. Periods of unusual plant influent and/or operational conditions should be identified, and data from these periods potentially excluded from the analysis. Sufficient data should also be collected to identify periods when poor model structure, rather than wastewater characterization, leads to poor fit of the model to actual data.

This paper presents the upgrade of the Upper Blackstone Water Pollution AbatementDistrict's (UBWPADs) sludge incinerators to meet the requirements of an Administrative Consent Order (ACO) and to improve the performance of the incinerators. Initially UBWPAD had three (3) MHFs installed in the mid 1970's. The incinerators were upgraded in 1996 by the inclusion of the Re-Heat Oxidation (RHOX) process (i.e. the addition of Electrodynamic Venturis (EDVs) and regenerative thermal oxidizers (RTO's) to improve control of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and carbon monoxide (CO).Following this upgrade there were numerous bypass events (i.e. release of uncontrolled emissions to the atmosphere through the furnace's emergency dump stack). The uncontrolled emissions caused regulatory problems for the District. In addition, the District had problems with plugging of the RTOs due to the poor performance of the EDV systems in removing particulate matter. In the past, the RTOs would become so plugged with particulate matter after about 3 to 4 months of operation that the unit would have to be taken off line and water washed. Lastly, the District had continual problems with slagging and clinker formation in the furnaces which caused unexpected furnace outages and which significantly increased the manpower requirements to operate and maintain the furnaces. Due to the slagging and clinker problems, the District had voluntarily reduced the furnace throughput to not more than 1.3 dry tons per hr (DTPH), even though each unit had a rated capacity of 2.3 DTPH, based on a 23% solids feed.To address the above operational problems, the District decided to upgrade the MHFs. The upgrade essentially consisted of the installation of new wet electrostatic precipitators (WESPs) and flue gas recirculation (FGR) systems on the multiple hearth furnaces (MHFs). The WESPs were installed to improve the particulate removal of the incinerators' existing air pollution control (APC) systems. The FGR systems were installed primarily to reduce the slag and clinker formation in the furnaces which were causing excessive furnace downtime and requiring significant manpower for slag and clinker removal.outlet of the WESPs demonstrated that the new wet scrubbing and WESP systems achieved average outlet grain loadings of 0.000755 grains per dry standard cubic foot corrected to 7% oxygen (gr/dscf 7% ) and 0.000416 gr/dscf 7% on Incinerators 1 and 2, respectively. These particulate emissions were well below the permit limit of 0.014 gr/dscf.After four months of operation the operating RTO was inspected and there was no build up of particulate matter and no need to water wash or clean the media. Thus the new APC systems were accomplishing their design objective which was to prevent plugging of the RTOs. At the 4 month interval, the operating MHF was also inspected and there was essentially no clinker or slag formation and no need to deslag the furnace. Hence the FGR system was accomplishing its intended purpose which was to prevent clinker and slag formation in the ...

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