No abstract

We report a case of a 42-year-old male with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes and body mass index (BMI) of 35 kg/m 2 who was admitted with fracture of right head of the femur after small fall from stepladder. Imaging of the pelvis in the form of an X-ray showed multi-fragmented fracture through trochanteric region of the right femur. His fracture was fixed with an intramedullary device. However, subsequent tests revealed low testosterone (4.2 nmol/L and reference range 10 -35 nmol/L) and low vitamin D (13.2 nmol/L and reference range > 50). His bone densitometry scan showed no evidence of osteoporosis. Furthermore, his diabetes control was poor with an average HbA1c of 11% and he was also known to have background diabetic retinopathy. The combination of poor diabetes control, obesity, hypogonadism and low vitamin D may all have contributed to an increase in risk of fracture in association with simple fall in this young man. Obesity and type 2 diabetes are associated with hypogonadism and low vitamin D. In view of the high epidemic of diabetes and obesity, it is possible to suggest that there are large numbers of these individuals with high risk for fracture likely to be induced upon any mild degree of trauma. Furthermore, it is possible to suggest that obesity-induced fracture will increase the burden in orthopedic department and the current numbers of fractures related to obesity may represent the tip of iceberg. Our case report is unique as the fracture occurred in a young individual with all these metabolic disorders. Therefore, our case report illustrates the needs for close collaboration between orthopedic surgeons, general practioners and endocrinologists and importantly the need for robust methods for screening and risk stratifications.

No abstract

Shoulder pain is a common musculoskeletal complaint, and rotator cuff (RC) pathologies are one of the main causes. The RC undergoes various tendinopathic and avascular changes during the aging process. Other degenerative changes affecting its healing potential make it an appealing target for biological agents. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) has demonstrated the potential to deliver a high concentration of several growth factors and anti-inflammatory mediators, and its clinical use is mainly supported by experiments that demonstrated its positive effect on muscle, ligaments, and tendinous cells. This review aimed to specify the role of PRP and its future applications in RC tendinopathies based on the current clinical evidence. Due to the different characteristics and conflicting outcomes, clinicians should use PRP with moderate expectations until more consistent evidence is available. However, it is reasonable to consider PRP in patients with contraindications to corticosteroid injections or those with risk factors for inadequate healing. Its autologous origin makes it a safe treatment, and its characteristics make it a promising option for treating RC tendinopathy, but the efficacy has yet to be established.