Symptoms of sugarcane orange rust were observed on July 17, 2008 on sugarcane cvs. Mex 57-1285, Mex 61-230, and Co 301 (a clone received in Mexico in 1953) at the Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo de la Caña de Azúcar en Tuxtla Chico, Chiapas, Mexico. In El Salvador, from August 2008 through January 2009, rust symptoms were observed on cv. CP 72-2086 (previously resistant to brown rust caused by Puccinia melanocephala Syd. & P. Syd.) in 117 dispersed sugarcane-production fields in various localities of El Salvador. Likewise, rust symptoms were first observed on sugarcane cv. SP 74-8355 (more than 25% severity and considered resistant to brown rust) at Natá, Coclé Province in Panama from January to February 2008. Dried herbarium leaf samples of sugarcane rust-infected leaves collected in El Salvador and Mexico were sent to the ARS, USDA Systematic Mycology and Microbiology Laboratory in Beltsville MD for identification. Panamanian samples were collected similarly and analyzed at the CALESA Biotechnology Laboratory. Morphological features of uredinial lesions and urediniospores were distinct from those of P. melanocephala and consistent with P. kuehnii E. J. Butler observed previously on specimens from Florida, Guatemala, Costa Rica, and Nicaragua (1–3). Analysis of the ITS1, 5.8S, and ITS2 and 28S large subunit rDNA sequences of the rust on infected cvs. Mex 57-1285, Mex 61-230, and Co 301 (BPI 878930, 879139, and 879140; GenBank Accession Nos. GO283006, GO283004, and GO283005, respectively) from Mexico and cv. CP 72-2086 from three locations in El Salvador (BPI 879135, 879136, and 879137; GenBank Accession Nos. GO283009, GO283007, and GO283008, respectively) all confirmed the identification of P. kuehnii. Similar analysis of the ITS1, 5.8S, and ITS2 rDNA sequence for the rust infecting cv. SP 74-8355 (GenBank Accession No. GO281584) confirmed the identification of P. kuehnii in Panama. To our knowledge, this is the first report of P. kuehnii causing orange rust disease of sugarcane in El Salvador, Mexico, and Panama. These findings also confirm the wider distribution of orange rust in the Western Hemisphere. References: (1) E. Chavarria et al. Plant Dis. 93:425, 2009. (2) J. C. Comstock et al. Plant Dis. 92:175, 2008. (3) W. Ovalle et al. Plant Dis. 92:973, 2008.

Part I: Occurrence, Fate, and Transport (this literature review) summarizes research appearing in 2012 on the occurrence of emerging pollutants in wastewater and environmental waters, sources of emerging pollutants, the fate and transport of emerging pollutants in the environment, monitoring approaches, modeling, and regulatory discussions. Toxicity studies are included where relevant specifically to wastewater. Part II: Treatment (the companion to this review) includes discussion of water and wastewater treatment technologies on emerging pollutants.

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Fifteen food waste and one grease trap waste samples from the U.S. Air Force Academy were evaluated for anaerobic digestion. Biochemical methane potential per unit of chemical oxygen demand fed was observed to be related to the fat-plus-protein content. Stable digestion of wastes was possible in a stand-alone configuration at rates of 10 g-COD L -1 d -1 provided that adequate acclimation measures were taken. Trace metal nutrient supplementation and feeding the digesters with more than 10% solids were also critical. A new concept of the specific energy loading rate (SELR) is proposed. The intent is to address the wide variety and energy-contents of codigestion feed stocks. SELR showed promise for evaluating of the loading of digester feed stocks. These results of this research support the implementation of food waste digestion as a means of decreasing loading to landfills, decreasing methane greenhouse gas emissions from landfills, and increasing energy sustainability.

Part I: Occurrence, Fate, and Transport (this literature review) compiles research from 2013 investigating emerging pollutants in wastewater and environmental waters and the sources of emerging pollutants. The paper summarizes important findings on environmental aquatic occurrence, persistence and transport of emerging pollutants in the environment, monitoring approaches, modeling, and regulatory discussions. The paper further mentions updates in our understanding of the toxicological impacts of these compounds where relevant specifically to wastewater. Finally, the paper speaks to the environmental sinks and degradation of pollutants. Part II: Treatment (the companion to this review) includes discussion of water and wastewater treatment technologies on emerging pollutants.