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Considerable research has demonstrated an illusory causation effect in which visually salient people are perceived as more causal of events in a social interaction than their nonsalient counterparts. The present studies extended this work to the realm of auditory salience. Two determinants of auditory salience were manipulated-the intensity of a speaker's voice and the sex of a speaker's voice. As predicted, subjects attended more to a 75-dB (A) than to a 70-dB voice on a binaural listening test, and subjects attributed more causality to an actor in a two-person conversation when his voice was 75 dB in intensity than when it was 70 dB. Contrary to expectation, subjects did not attend more to the voice whose sex matched their own on the binaural listening test. Rather, all subjects listened more to the actor with the male voice. Consistent with this tendency for the male voice to be more salient, subjects attributed more causality to an actor when the voice was-male than when it had been electronically converted to a female voice of the same intensity and intonation. Vocal salience also influenced subjects' impressions of the actors, but it had no impact on recall of the actors' verbalizations. Theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.

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This study used a phenomenological framework to explore the experiences of women who had given birth to a normal baby after screening high-risk for Down's syndrome in the quadruple test. It explored women's feelings and experiences during the screening process and examined the extent to which receiving potentially bad news influenced their recollections of their pregnancy. Women who had screened ‘high-risk’ to the quadruple test and given birth in a local trust hospital were contacted by their midwife for recruitment to the study. Ten interviews were conducted in the women's own homes. The data was analysed and four categories emerged: the testing process; effects on the pregnancy; interpersonal skills of the professionals and present relationships/ future decisions. Results showed that women tended to view the test as ‘routine’ without fully considering the implications. Their experience had a negative effect on their perceptions of the pregnancy and anxiety levels were increased. Recommendations were made to improve the procedure and the need was highlighted for further research into possible psychological effects on the unborn child.