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Existing routing protocols such as AODV were used to simplify the shortest path metric. It assumes that all link quality must be the same. It does not consider link quality such as bandwidth, packet loss rate, packet size, etc. Several performance metrics that consider different link quality for WMNs such as ETX and ETT. Although, these metrics can provide more effective performance than the hop count metric, they did not consider the backbone feature of WMNs. In this paper, a new routing metric for load balancing in WMNs is proposed. These routing metric is called Expected Transmission Time -Load Balancing (ETT-LB) and this metric is using ETT and Bandwidth usage.

This study aimed to evaluate the biocompatibility and patency of our newly developed titanium vascular anastomotic device (TVAD) in a pig jugular vein. TVAD was made of commercially pure grade 2 titanium. The patency and anastomotic time were simultaneously confirmed in an ex-vivo system developed by the authors and in vivo using pig jugular veins. Five 8-month-old pigs, with body weights of 50–60 kg, underwent anastomosis of both jugular veins using the device. Graft patency was evaluated for 12 weeks by biplane angiography and sonography. All tissue biopsy samples were analysed by histology. In all 10 cases, the anastomosis was completed in < 5 min. The vessel lumen was not damaged, and the inner vessel wall was completely endothelialised at the anastomotic site. No foreign body reactions were observed at the vessel lumen, vessels, and outer vessel walls by histopathologic analysis. Patency and absence of leakage at the anastomotic site of the follow-up period were confirmed clearly by angiography and sonography. This preliminary animal study proved that our newly developed device is a very promising tool for intima-to-intima contact anastomosis. TVAD can be used as a feasible and safe medical tool for vessel anastomosis.