The Dallas World Aquarium, Dallas, TexasMembers of the Bradypodidae (three-toed sloths) are rarely seen in the zoological setting. To date, minimal published accounts of the medicine and husbandry needs of this family have been documented. It therefore is often presumed that the same techniques of care and handling of the genus Choleopus (two-toed sloths) can be applied; however, these taxa demonstrate substantial differences in natural history despite their phenotypic similarities (Montgomery and Sunquist [1978]; Edmund [1979]; Montgomery et al. [1985]). Historically, three-toed sloths have presented poor maintenance records in captivity, rarely exceeding captive lifespans of more than 1 month. With accommodations for their unique needs, it is a species that can be maintained more successfully in captivity with application of established care techniques from a successful collection. Zoo Biol 24: 557-568, 2005.

The copepod Tegastes acroporanus is a notorious pest of captive corals in the genus Acropora. In recent years, infestations of T. acroporanus have become widespread among public aquaria and coral propagation facilities and have been largely controlled with the extra-label use of milbemycin oxime formulations (Carl 2008). Many of these drug formulations (which were intended for dogs) have been discontinued by their manufacturers in favor of multidrug products, many of which are unsuitable for corals, forcing experimentation with alternatives. This report provides the first data on populations of T. acroporanus treated with milbemycin oxime and documents the first known use of an otic solution, MilbeMite Otic (Novartis Animal Health U.S., Greensboro, North Carolina), against copepods on live corals. MilbeMite Otic was found to be soluble in seawater and successful at eradicating T. acroporanus in a large exhibit over the course of 6-h waterborne baths (n = 12) at 0.167 µg/L. The resident population of T. acroporanus was also quantified before each treatment to provide the first estimates of coral parasite burden in response to the application of a waterborne chemotherapeutic agent. Received November 19, 2015; accepted June 7, 2016 Published online October 24, 2016.

With the continued popularity of pet aquaculture and concurrent demands for advances in veterinary medicine of fish species, a need exists for a reliable, safe, and environmentally noncontaminating method of sedation. With appropriate sedation, fish can be more safely transported or handled for veterinary care. Sedation can minimize stress or physical damage caused by handling and capture, and prepare fish for the deeper planes of anesthesia necessary for more extensive handling, longer transport, or invasive procedures. This study assessed the efficacy of ketamine as a sedative when administered orally to three species of fish: common goldfish, Carassius auratus, ocellated river stingray, Potamotrygon motoro, and hybrid striped bass, Morone saxatilis×Morone chrysops. A practical application opportunity that became available at the end of the study demonstrated the use of oral ketamine in the transport of a single arapaima, Arapaima gigas.

Aggression among male animals can be difficult to manage in captive populations, and several strategies including separation, castration, and behavioral modification have been used with varying degrees of success. Many aggression issues are normal sequela from hormonal fluctuations occurring when an animal reaches sexual maturity or during the breeding season, and multi-male groups can be especially problematic as the individuals vie for dominance. In this case, aggression in an all-male group of Rock Hyrax (Procavia capensis) has been managed successfully with serial deslorelin implantation for the past 5 years. Zoo Biol. 35:201-204, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Although Salmonella spp. infection has been identified in captive and free-ranging rhinoceros, clinical cases in black rhinoceros ( Diceros bicornis ) calves have not been described. This case series describes clinical salmonellosis in four black rhinoceros calves. Two calves developed self-limiting diarrhea, recovering after treatment. The other two cases were fatal. One of the fatal cases had a short clinical course, whereas the other case was protracted, with signs reflecting multiple organ system involvement. In all cases, diagnosis was by fecal culture and/or quantitative polymerase chain reaction. A variable clinical presentation, which is typical for salmonellosis in domestic hoofstock, was a feature of these rhinoceros cases. Similarly, postmortem pathology in black rhinoceros calves was consistent with domestic neonatal ungulates with salmonellosis. Potential predisposing factors for infection were considered to be primiparity of the dam and failure of passive transfer in the calf. The case investigation included attempts to identify the source of infection, which was aided by organism serotyping. In one case, the patient's dam and another conspecific in the facility were shown to be asymptomatic shedders of the organism strain responsible for disease in the calf. Further surveillance of captive rhinoceros Salmonella spp. carrier status is needed to inform screening recommendations for this taxa.