Botanic garden play a central role in the ex-situ plants conservation. It is important to maintain the survival life of the living plant collections. Knowledge on the details of reproductive biology of the living collections becomes vital to monitor the success or failure of conservation efforts. Tabebuia pallida (Lindl.) Miers. (Bignoniaceae) is one of the living plants collection in Purwodadi Botanic Garden that need to be monitored. So far information on the reproductive biology of this species is still limited. Based on that, in relation to the conservation effort, the objectives of this study were to provide knowledge about the reproductive biology of T. pallida. The research was conducted at Purwodadi BG, from September 2019 to February 2020. Several important aspects of reproductive biology, including flower biology, pollen viability and stigma receptivity, breeding system (Out-Crossing Index), and pollination biology were investigated. The results showed that T. pallida was monocious, has a pinkish tubular corolla with a yellow throat. There was no spatial separation between the anther and stigma. At the time of anthesis, both pollen and stigma have been receptive. Based on flower biology, pollen ornamentation (reticulate type), and the Out-Crossing Index (OCI=3), the flower showed some characters of entomophily, but self-pollination was possible. There are some insects visitor, but that acts as a pollinating agent was Vespula. The availability of effective pollinators in botanic garden was an obvious requirement for successful plants conservation.

Abstract. Metusala D, Fauziah, Lestari DA, Damaiyani J, Mas’udah S, Setyawan H. 2020. The identification of plant reliefs in the Lalitavistara story of Borobudur temple, Central Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 2206-2215. The Lalitavistara sutra is one of the central texts in the Mahayana tradition and it describes the life of the Buddha. This sutra has been carved in a good detail into 120 relief panels. These reliefs showed many plant figures that have often been carved in proper shape, so that made it possible for identification. The identification results showed that there were at least 63 species of plants in the Lalitavistara relief at Borobudur and these more various than species mentioned in the Lalitavistara sutra. Some species even only be found on reliefs but not in the text. These findings have indicated several important points; (i). the ancient Javanese community at that time already had a high awareness of the plant diversity, (ii). the plant figures as component in building atmosphere/background have been used by the carver as an opportunity for improvisation, (iii). the plant reliefs in Borobudur can be seen to reflect the surrounding plant diversity at the time, and (iv). the identification of plant reliefs in Borobudur can be used as an approach to understand the perspective of an ancient Javanese community on the importance of plant diversity.

Abstract. Authors. 2019. Mass production of the entomopathogenic nematode, Steinernema carpocapsae on Tenebrio Molitor and Spodoptera litura. Biodiversitas 20: 1344-1349. Steinernema carpocapsae is the most developed biological agents to control pests nowadays, to support this nematode as a biological agent mass production technique is required. S. carpocapsae can be produced via in vivo methods. In vivo production has some advantages, such as cheap, easy, and sustainable to be developed in small farm agriculture. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the mass production of S. carpocapsae using Tenebrio molitor and Spodoptera litura larvae as hosts. Twenty-five last instar larvae were inoculated with different concentrations of infective juvenile (IJ) (e.g., 100, 200, 300 and 400 IJ/larvae) of S. carpocapsae Asembagus. The production of S. carpocapsae with concentrations of 100, 200, 300 and 400 IJ/larvae on T. molitor and S. litura showed 3.62x103; 6.29x103; 1.13x104; 1.52x104; 1.13x104; 1.46x104; 1.54x104; and 1.94x104 IJ/larvae, respectively. The IJ harvest from T. molitor and S. litura shows the longest body length for IJ at a concentration of 400 IJ/larva of 437.48µm and 591.42µm, respectively. This study indicates that T. molitor and S. litura can be used to produce S. carpocapsae. The production of S. carpocapsae with a concentration of 400 IJ / larvae on T. molitor and S. litura showed the highest total yield and body length of IJ.

Estate commodities and flowering plants are mostly attacked by Planoccocus minor. Nowadays, botanical pesticide nanoemulsion technology is developing to be used to control insect pests. To evaluate the kemiri sunan seed oil nanoemulsion as insecticide against P.minor was the objective of this study. Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with four replication was used on the kemiri sunan evaluation test. Each replication consist of seven concentration (0,2%; 0,39%; 0,78%; 1,56%; 3,13%; 6%; and water as control). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) at α 95% followed by Duncan multiple test at α 5% was carried out. The evaluation result showed an increase in the insecticidal effect of kemiri sunan seed oil nanoemulsion against the insect species when formulated as a nano-emulsion. The application of kemiri sunan seed oil nanoemulsion for five day after treatment was able to cause the mortality of P. minor as much as 90%. Within 5 days after treatment, LC50 was 0.09 % and LT50 was 3,7 days. It is implies that the kemiri sunan seed oil nanoemulsion when to be sprayed may kill directly to the target pest and it is needed around 3,7 days to kill 50% population of pest. The results obtained indicate that kemiri sunan seed oil based nanoemulsion formulations can be used as toxicants for the control of P. minor. The kemiri sunan seed oil based nanoemulsion can be developed into botanical pesticides. Low chemical residues, safe for natural enemies and can be used as component in integrated pest management are the advantages of The kemiri sunan seed oil based nanoemulsion.