The comprehension of microbial interactions is one of the key challenges in microbial ecology. The present study focuses on studying the chemical interaction between the toxic dinoflagellate Prorocentrum lima PL4V strain and associated fungal strains (two Penicillium sp. strains and three Aspergillus sp) among which the Aspergillus pseudoglaucus strain MMS1589 was selected for further co-culture experiment. Such rarely studied interaction (fungal-microalgal) was explored in axenic and non-axenic conditions, in a dedicated microscale marine environment (hybrid solid/liquid conditions), to delineate specialized metabolome alteration in relation to the P. lima and A. pseudoglaucus co-culture in regard to the presence of their associated bacteria. Such alteration was monitored by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS). In-depth analysis of the resulting data highlighted (1) the chemical modification associated to fungal-microalgal co-culture, and (2) the impact of associated bacteria in microalgal resilience to fungal interaction. Even if only a very low number of highlighted metabolites were fully characterised due to the poor chemical investigation of the studied species, a clear co-culture induction of the dinoflagellate toxins okadaic acid and dinophysistoxin 1 was observed. Such results highlight the importance to consider microalgal microbiome to study parameters regulating toxin production. Finally, a microscopic observation showed an unusual physical interaction between the fungal mycelium and the dinoflagellates.

The impact of accelerated climate change on extinction risk is not well-characterised despite its increasing relevance. Comparative genomics of extinct versus extant species might be useful in elucidating broad trends in faunal endangerment. We investigated fluctuations in genetic diversity and extinction timing in our genomic dataset of nine species of particularly vulnerable migratory shorebirds (Numenius), including two species widely thought to be extinct. Most species faced generally sharp declines in effective population sizes, a proxy for genetic diversity, soon after the Last Glacial Maximum. During this time, a warming climate supported forest expansions at the expense of open habitats, exacerbated by human-induced mass extinctions of megafauna only a few thousand years prior, resulting in unprecedented reductions in shorebird breeding habitat. Species breeding in temperate regions, where they widely overlap with human populations, have been most strongly affected. Late Quaternary events can exert long-lasting effects on some species' susceptibility to extinction. Genomic inquiry is crucial in informing conservation actions in the fight against ongoing biodiversity loss.