Artykuł przedstawia krótką analizę krytyczną wybranych pism z czasów cywilizacji sumeryjskiej w kontekście wiedzy filozoficznej. Tekst podzielony jest na dwie części. Pierwsza odnosi się do refleksji sumeryjskiej z zakresu etyki, druga dotyczy wiedzy o świecie zewnętrznym. Bez wątpienia refleksja sumeryjska miała jedynie formułę wiedzy praktycznej, jednak niektóre jej fragmenty wpisują się w kurs przyszłej filozofii.

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One of the common features of primitive cultures and civilizations is the complete integration of magic and medicine. The symbol is tribal shamans playing both the role of a priest and a medic. In addition to practices that may have some justification, such as when the treatment is carried out with the help of plants known today for their therapeutic qualities, spells and practices characteristic of occult ceremonies are used. Magic even replaces the diagnosis here – it is the omens that are supposed to indicate the real state of the patient. History shows that the unification of magic and medicine is devastating for the latter.

Ruder Josip Boscovich (1711–1787), a philosopher, mathematician, physicist and astronomer. The greatest of the forgotten—as Barrow says. The author of the Theory of Everything, based on the presumption that the whole substance of this world is reducible to simple, homogeneous, discontinuous and invariable physical points. These points being the centers of forces of repulsion and attraction. His system of kinematic atomism constitutes a crucial stage in the development of physics and philosophy. The physical points combine both material and psychological features, therefore among commentators the prevailing view is that they possess rather a quasi-material nature. The following presentation, however, emphasizes their psychological aspect, especially in the light of Boscovich's fairly original attempt to reduce mental states and physical facts to one, common definition. This reduction is based on the presumption that the rules which govern both kinds of substance (bodies and minds) can be reduced to the one (and only one) Rule of All Forces. Hence, this rule concerns everything in the Universe.