Evidence-based guidelines led to significant reduction in opioids and sedatives exposure, and in the number of infants requiring methadone for iatrogenic narcotic dependence.

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T he documented cases of thromboembolic disease have risen greatly in the pediatric population, with venous thromboembolism increasing by 70%. 1 Although not completely understood, the growing number of cases is hypothesized to be the result of advances in the treatment of critically ill patients, including the increased use of indwelling catheters. 2-4 Neonates are particularly susceptible to thromboembolic complications. Neonates and adolescents constitute the largest groups of pediatric patients diagnosed with thromboembolic disease, with the rate of venous thromboembolism ranging from 75 to 94 cases per 10,000 hospital admissions, respectively. 1,5,6 The coagulation system is immature at birth, resulting in a unique balance between procoagulants and inhibitors. Healthy neonates are considered hemodynamically stable because most do not develop spontaneous thrombotic complications. 7 The coagulation system may become hypercoagulable in ill neonates with disease states such as respiratory distress, pulmonary hypertension, and sepsis. 3 Because most patients admitted

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a chronic pulmonary disease commonly seen in preterm infants who require supplemental oxygen and/or assisted mechanical ventilation. BPD, a major cause of morbidity and mortality among premature infants, occurs in 5,000 to 10,000 premature infants in the United States each year. Despite numerous medical advances, no single intervention will prevent or treat BPD; hence, premature infants have an increased risk for developing significant sequelae that affect both cognitive and motor function. This article provides a brief overview of BPD and reviews the available literature regarding the safe and effective use of nebulized furosemide in the treatment of this disorder.