Objectives Children and youth in low-and middle-income countries (LMIC) are at greater risk for poor mental health. Adverse circumstances including poverty, violence, and lack of available psychological treatments increase their vulnerability. Given the importance of the family environment for child and youth wellbeing, family interventions are a powerful mode of treatment; however, their development and evaluation has received relatively little attention in LMIC. Methods This review presents evidence for family-and parent-focused interventions on mental health outcomes for children and youth in LMIC and identifies treatment components present in promising interventions. A systematic search was conducted using comprehensive search terms in five databases (Global Health, PubMed, PsychINFO, PILOTS, and Cochrane Library). Reporting follows PRISMA guidelines. Independent raters screened and retrieved articles for inclusion, completed quality ratings, conducted data extraction, and coded common practice elements. Results This review included 36 papers representing 32 unique studies of family or parenting interventions in LMIC. Study designs covered: RCTs (50% of studies), pre-to-post studies (38%), and other (12%). The majority of interventions showed positive outcomes for child and youth mental health and wellbeing. The two most frequently used treatment techniques were caregiver psychoeducation and caregiver coping skills; the next most common were treatment processes of providing between-session homework and accessibility promotion. Conclusions Evidence for family-focused interventions for child and youth mental health in LMIC is growing with several promising approaches that should be more rigorously evaluated. Further research into effects of specific intervention components will ensure targeted and optimally effective interventions.

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We examined the gaming patterns and withdrawal symptomology of 144 American collegiate internet gamers. Our findings indicated that Internet Gaming Disorder Scale (IGDS) scores positively correlated with withdrawal symptomology. The 10 most endorsed withdrawal symptoms were craving to game, impatience, increased sleeping, increased eating, lack of pleasure, irritable/angry, anxious/tense, restless, difficulty concentrating, and increased dreaming. Only 27.1% of gamers did not endorse any withdrawal symptoms. A MANOVA revealed significant differences in IGDS and withdrawal symptom scores among gamers who preferred to game alone, with others in person, with others online, or with others in person and online (8.1% variance explained). Specifically, IGDS scores were higher among gamers who preferred to game with others online compared with other modalities. Withdrawal symptoms did not significantly discriminate between groups. Finally, many gamers indicated that if internet gaming were not available, they would be more likely to engage in other potentially addictive behaviors.

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