A new class of nanogel demonstrates modular biodistribution and affinity for bone. Nanogels, 67 nm in diameter and synthesized via an astoichiometric click-chemistry-inemulsion method, controllably display residual, free click-able functional groups. Functionalization with a bisphosphonate ligand results in significant binding to bone on the inner walls of marrow cavities, liver avoidance, and anti-osteoporotic effects.

Freestanding LiCoO/multiwall carbon nanotube/nanocellulose fibril (LCO-MWCNT-NCF) electrodes are fabricated by a vacuum filtration technique. The electrode has a high LCO loading of 20 mg/cm with excellent flexibility, uniform material distribution, and low surface resistivity. When coated with 2 ALD cycles of AlF, LCO-MWCNT-NCF has a high specific capacity of 216 mAh/g at 4.7 V. The freestanding AlF-coated electrode preserves 75.7% of its initial capacity after 100 cycles and 70% after 160 cycles of charge discharge. In contrast, electrodes coated with 2 ALD cycles of AlO cannot be cycled above 4.5 V. By elimination of the unnecessary weight of current collector, and increasing in the working voltage simultaneously, this freestanding LCO-MWCNT-NCF electrode can significantly improve the gravimetric and volumetric energy density of lithium ion batteries.

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