The discrete molecular-level spectrum of an isolated C 60 molecule is resolved and its interplay with singleelectron charging effects is studied using room-temperature and cryogenic scanning tunneling spectroscopy. The tunneling current-voltage spectra of these molecules exhibit rich structures resulting from both resonant tunneling through the discrete levels and charging effects. In particular, we observe degeneracy lifting within the molecular orbitals, probably due to the Jahn-Teller effect and local electric fields. Theoretical fits account well for our experimental data.
A new class of nanogel demonstrates modular biodistribution and affinity for bone. Nanogels, 67 nm in diameter and synthesized via an astoichiometric click-chemistry-inemulsion method, controllably display residual, free click-able functional groups. Functionalization with a bisphosphonate ligand results in significant binding to bone on the inner walls of marrow cavities, liver avoidance, and anti-osteoporotic effects.
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