I nterpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA;Smith et al., 2009) is a wellestablished qualitative approach developed to investigate individuals' lived experiences. It is concerned with the particular experiences that individuals have and their meaning making that occurs in relation to those experiences. This approach enables researchers to conduct microlevel explorations of meanings that tap into the wholeness of experiences a person encounters. In trying to understand lived experience, IPA is collaborative because it explores experiential meanings through the interpretative work between the researcher and the participant rather than being a theory-driven examination.In this chapter, we first outline the theoretical underpinnings of IPA, then offer a description of the general principles of the IPA research process. We then present an example of IPA analysis with data taken from a PhD research project conducted by the second author (Fieldsend, 2019) under the supervision of the first author (Smith) on the lived experience of involuntary childlessness. Finally, we point to methodological developments currently happening in the IPA world. Our aim with this chapter, then, is to offer readers an understanding of what IPA is and how it works, and we do this by outlining the key steps in the research process. THEORETICAL UNDERPINNINGS OF IPAIPA is phenomenological in its focus on lived experience, and through interpretative work, it attempts to explore and understand individuals' personal experiences. Phenomenology is often referred to as a "philosophical movement"

Despite the potential impact of health information system (HIS) design barriers on health data quality and use and, ultimately, health outcomes in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), no comprehensive literature review has been conducted to study them in this context. We therefore conducted a formal literature review to understand system design barriers to data quality and use in LMICs and to identify any major research gaps related understanding how system design affects data use. We conducted an electronic search across 4 scientific databases-PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and Global Health-and consulted a data use expert. Following a systematic inclusion and exclusion process, 316 publications (316 abstracts and 18 full papers) were included in the review. We found a paucity of scientific publications that explicitly describe system design factors that hamper data quality or data use for decision making. Although user involvement, work flow, human-computer interactions, and user experience are critical aspects of system design, our findings suggest that these issues are not discussed or conceptualized in the literature. Findings also showed that individual training efforts focus primarily on imparting data analysis skills. The adverse impact of HIS design barriers on data integrity and health system performance may be even bigger in LMICs than elsewhere, leading to errors in population health management and clinical care. We argue for integrating systems thinking into HIS strengthening efforts to reduce the HIS design-user reality gap.

Many areas of women's health, including battering, suffer from conceptual and methodological deficits. This article uses the “measurement trap” (Graham & Campbell, 1991), a set of conditions defined by lack of information resulting from a narrow conceptualization of the problem, poor existing data sources, inappropriate outcome indicators, and limited measurement techniques, as a framework for describing how current approaches to conceptualizing and measuring battering hamper research and program efforts in the field of domestic violence. We then describe an alternative conceptualization–and–measurement approach that is based on battered women's experiences. We argue that an experiential approach, which grounds measurement in women's lived experiences, improves our ability to conduct research that correctly identifies, monitors, and explains the epidemiology of this phenomenon and provides a solid basis for policy and program development.

Despite some inherent design limitations, this study found that the evidence for a beneficial impact of TBA training was not compelling. Training sponsors should consider alternative health investments and, where TBA training remains the intervention of choice, be realistic about expectations of impact.

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is frequently attenuated after long-term culture in vitro. The attenuation process probably involves mutations of functions required for replication and pathogenicity in vivo. Analysis of attenuated HIV-1 for replication and pathogenicity in vivo will help to define these functions. In this study, we examined the pathogenicity of an attenuated HIV-1 isolate in a laboratory worker accidentally exposed to a laboratory-adapted HIV-1 isolate. Using heterochimeric SCID-hu Thy/Liv mice as an in vivo model, we previously defined HIV-1 env determinants (