We present a Baffin Bay 10 Be production-rate calibration derived from glacial deposits in western Greenland and Baffin Island, and test our results against published 10 Be calibration datasets to develop an Arctic 10 Be production rate. Our calibration comprises: (i) 10 Be measurements from moraine boulders linked to a 14 Cdated moraine at Jakobshavn Isfjord in western Greenland, (ii) an independent and previously published 10 Be production rate at Jakobshavn Isfjord and (iii) re-measured 10 Be concentrations from a Baffin Island calibration site that is included in the north-eastern North America dataset. Combined, we calculate a sea-level/high-latitude 10 Be production rate for the Baffin Bay region of 3.96 AE 0.07 atoms g À1 a À1 (Lal/Stone scaling model). After testing the Baffin Bay rate against calibration sites in Norway and north-eastern North America, we calculate a more conservative Arctic production rate of 3.96 AE 0.15 atoms g À1 a À1 . The Baffin Bay and Arctic 10 Be production rates are indistinguishable from the north-eastern North America 10 Be production rate (3.91 AE 0.19 atoms g À1 a À1 ) and yield overall uncertainties of <2-3.7% (1s). These production rates reduce systematic uncertainties in 10 Be-based chronologies of ice-margin change and allow 10 Be-based chronologies to be more confidently compared with high-resolution climate records, such as those from Greenland ice cores.
This synthesis paper summarizes published proxy climate evidence showing the spatial and temporal pattern of climate change through the Holocene in Arctic Canada and Greenland. Our synthesis includes 47 records from a recently published database of highly resolved Holocene paleoclimate time series from the Arctic (Sundqvist et al., 2014). We analyze the temperature histories represented by the database and compare them with paleoclimate and environmental information from 54 additional published records, mostly from datasets that did not fit the selection criteria for the Arctic Holocene database. Combined, we review evidence from a variety of proxy archives including glaciers (ice cores and glacial geomorphology), lake sediments, peat sequences, and coastal and deep-marine sediments. The temperature-sensitive records indicate more consistent and earlier Holocene warmth in the north and east, and a more diffuse and later Holocene thermal maximum in the south and west. Principal components analysis reveals two dominant Holocene trends, one with early Holocene warmth followed by cooling in the middle Holocene, the other with a broader period of warmth in the middle Holocene followed by cooling in the late Holocene. The temperature decrease from the warmest to the coolest portions of the Holocene is 3.0 ± 1.0 C on average (n ¼ 11 sites). The Greenland Ice Sheet retracted to its minimum extent between 5 and 3 ka, consistent with many sites from around Greenland depicting a switch from warm to cool conditions around that time. The spatial pattern of temperature change through the Holocene was likely driven by the decrease in northern latitude summer insolation through the Holocene, the varied influence of waning ice sheets in the early Holocene, and the variable influx of Atlantic Water into the study region.
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