O bstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common disorder that affects sleep and quality of life. Because many people with OSA cannot or will not comply with the standard treatment with a continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) mask, alternative treatments have been sought. Upper-airway stimulation using unilateral stimulation of the hypoglossal nerve is a possible option. This multicenter, prospective, single-group, cohort trial and a follow-up randomized therapy-withdrawal trial were performed to evaluate the clinical safety and effectiveness of upper-airway stimulation for treating moderate to severe OSA.Patients who had difficulty accepting or adhering to CPAP treatment were included and served as their own controls. After initial screening, including polysomnography, qualified patients underwent surgery to implant the upper-airway stimulation system in which a stimulation electrode was placed on the hypoglossal nerve to recruit tongue-protrusion function. The sensing lead was placed between the internal and external intercostal muscles to detect ventilatory effort, and the neurostimulator was implanted in the right ipsilateral midinfraclavicular region. A month after implantation, patients had a second baseline diagnostic polysomnographic exam before the device was activated. Patients used a controller to initiate and stop therapy each night and then were assessed at 2, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months. The primary outcome was the change in the severity of OSA as determined by the apneahypopnea index (AHI; number of apnea or hypopnea events per hour; score ≥15 indicates moderate to severe OSA) and the O 2 desaturation index (ODI; number of times per hour of sleep that the blood O 2 level drops by ≥4 percentage points from baseline). At the 12-month assessment, a response to treatment was defined as an AHI reduction of 50% or greater from baseline and a score of less than 20 events per hour along with an ODI reduction of 25% or greater from baseline. The primary efficacy objectives were response rates of 50% or greater as assessed in the AHI and ODI. Secondary outcomes were the Epworth Sleepiness Scale, the Functional Outcomes of Sleep Questionnaire (FOSQ), and the percentage of sleep time with the O 2 saturation of less than 90%. Consecutive patients with a response were included in a randomized controlled therapywithdrawal trial in which they were assigned in a 1:1 ratio to either the therapy-maintenance or therapy-withdrawal group. The withdrawal group had the device turned off for 7 days; the maintenance group continued using the device. Polysomnography was done to measure the effects of withdrawal compared with continued use of therapy. Serious adverse events were those that led to death, lifethreatening illness, permanent impairment, or new or prolonged hospitalization with serious health impairment.Of the 126 participants, 83% were men; mean age was 54.5 years, and mean body mass index was 28.4 kg/m 2 . The mean AHI score on the initial screening polysomnography was 32.0 events per hour, and the mean ODI score was ...

Objective: To identify the spectrum of sleep disorders associated with autoantibodies reactive with voltagegated potassium channel (VGKC) complexes.Design: Case series of all patients with neurologic disorders of VGKC autoimmunity evaluated in the Mayo Clinic Center for Sleep Medicine (Rochester, Minnesota) between Setting: Academic referral center.Patients: Fifteen consecutive patients were identified with limbic encephalitis (n=5), Morvan syndrome (n=4), and overlapping features (n = 6).Intervention: Ten patients received immunotherapy (corticosteroids, cyclophosphamide, or mycophenolate mofetil).Main Outcome Measure: Response to immunotherapy. Results:The median VGKC autoantibody value at presentation was 1.51 nmol/L (range, 0.09-4.86 nmol/L). Neoplasms were discovered in 5 patients (33%) (thy-

Upper airway stimulation via the hypoglossal nerve maintained a durable effect of improving airway stability during sleep and improved patient reported outcomes (Epworth Sleepiness Scale and Functional Outcomes of Sleep Questionnaire) without an increase of the stimulation thresholds or tongue injury at 18 mo of follow-up.

study objectives: To determine the frequency of impulse control disorders (ICDs) with the use of dopaminergic agents in restless legs syndrome (RLS). design: Prospective case-control study using a screening questionnaire for ICDs, followed by phone interview to confirm diagnoses for those meeting preset scoring thresholds on the questionnaire. setting: Academic, comprehensive sleep medicine center. patients or participants: (1) One hundred patients with RLS treated with dopaminergic agents, (2) 275 patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) without RLS or exposure to dopaminergic agents; and (3) 52 patients with RLS who were never treated with dopaminergic agents. Subjects with parkinsonism were excluded. interventions: Not applicable. measurements and results: Based on the questionnaire, frequencies of ICDs for the RLS treatment group were 10% compulsive shopping, 7% pathologic gambling, 23% compulsive eating, 8% hypersexuality, and 10% punding. These values were statistically significant when compared with control subjects with OSA for compulsive shopping and pathologic gambling. With additional information from the phone interview, adjusted frequencies for the RLS treatment group were 9% compulsive shopping, 5% pathologic gambling, 11% compulsive eating, 3% hypersexuality, 7% punding, and 17% any ICD. These values were statistically significant when compared with those of control subjects with OSA for compulsive shopping, pathologic gambling, punding, and any ICD, as well as for compulsive shopping when compared with control subjects with RLS who were not treated with dopaminergic agents. In the RLS treatment group, a statistically significant dose effect was found for pramipexole in those subjects confirmed to have ICDs by both the questionnaire and phone interview. Mean duration of treatment at ICD onset was 9.5 months. conclusions: ICDs are common with the use of dopaminergic agents for treatment of RLS. Given the potentially devastating psychosocial consequences of these behaviors, it is critical to actively screen for ICDs in this population. Keywords: Restless legs syndrome, dopamine, impulse control citation: Cornelius JR; Tippmann-Peikert M; Slocumb NL; Frerichs CF; Silber MH. Impulse control disorders with the use of dopaminergic agents in restless legs syndrome: a case-control study. SLEEP 2010;33(1):81-87.

HvCJD should be considered in all patients who present with unexplained visual phenomena. A remarkable spectrum of visual disturbances can be seen. Close follow-up as well as serial MRI and EEG can help clarify the underlying disease process. Diffusion-weighted and FLAIR sequences should be included in the MRI protocol.