The reversal of established medical practice is common and occurs across all classes of medical practice. This investigation sheds light on low-value practices and patterns of medical research.

Patients with CF of Hispanic origin have a higher mortality rate than non-Hispanic patients with CF. This pattern was seen in the Midwest, Northeast, and West but not in the South.

Objective To determine whether face-to-face prompting of critical care physicians reduces empirical antibiotic utilization compared to an unprompted electronic checklist embedded within the electronic health record (EHR). Design Random allocation design. Setting Medical intensive care unit (MICU) with high-intensity intensivist coverage at a tertiary care urban medical center. Patients Two hundred ninety-six critically ill patients treated with at least one day of empirical antibiotics. Interventions For one MICU team, face-to-face prompting of critical care physicians if they did not address empirical antibiotic utilization during a patient’s daily rounds. On a separate MICU team, attendings and fellows were trained once to complete an EHR-embedded checklist daily for each patient, including a question asking whether listed empirical antibiotics could be discontinued. Measurements and main results Prompting led to a more than 4-fold increase in discontinuing or narrowing of empirical antibiotics compared to use of the electronic checklist. Prompted group patients had a lower proportion of patient-days on which empirical antibiotics were administered compared to electronic checklist group patients (63.1% vs. 70.0%, P=0.002). Mean proportion of antibiotic-days on which empirical antibiotics were used was also lower in the prompted group, although not statistically significant (0.78 [0.27] vs. 0.83 [0.27], P=0.093). Each additional day of empirical antibiotics predicted higher risk-adjusted mortality (odds ratio 1.14, 95% CI 1.05–1.23). Risk-adjusted ICU length of stay and hospital mortality were not significantly different between the two groups. Conclusions Face-to-face prompting was superior to an unprompted EHR-based checklist at reducing empirical antibiotic utilization. Sustained culture change may have contributed to the electronic checklist having similar empirical antibiotic utilization to a prompted group in the same MICU two years prior. Future studies should investigate the integration of an automated prompting mechanism with a more generalizable EHR-based checklist.

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Trials of newer anticoagulants and longer durations of anticoagulation have not yielded real improvements over heparin, inviting doubts regarding its efficacy. Thus, PE is the quintessential diagnosis of medicine not because it represents our greatest success, but because it captures all the complexity of medicine in the evidence-based era. It may serve as a metaphor for many other conditions in medicine, including coronary artery disease. New trials in the field continue to test trivialities, whereas fundamental questions are unanswered.