Psoriasis is a common inflammatory skin disease with a prevalence of 2% to 3% in Caucasians1. In a genome-wide search for copy number variants (CNV) using a sample pooling approach we have identified a deletion comprising LCE3B and LCE3C, members of the late cornified envelope (LCE) gene cluster2. The absence of LCE3B and LCE3C (LCE3C-LCE3B-del) is significantly associated (p=1.38E-08) with risk of psoriasis in 2,831 samples from Spain, The Netherlands, Italy and the USA, and in a family-based study (p=5.4E-04). LCE3C-LCE3B-del is tagged by rs4112788 (r2=0.93), which is also strongly associated with psoriasis (p<6.6E-09). LCE3C-LCE3B-del shows epistatic effects with the HLA-Cw6 allele on the development of psoriasis in Dutch samples, and multiplicative effects in the other samples. LCE expression can be induced in normal epidermis by skin barrier disruption and is strongly expressed in psoriatic lesions, suggesting that compromised skin barrier function plays a role in psoriasis susceptibility.
Psoriasis (OMIM 177900) is a chronic inflammatory skin disorder of unknown pathogenesis affecting approximately 2% of the Western population. It occurs more frequently in individuals with human immunodeficiency virus, and 20-30% of individuals with psoriasis have psoriatic arthritis. Psoriasis is associated with HLA class I alleles, and previous linkage analysis by our group identified a second psoriasis locus at 17q24-q25 (PSORS2; ref. 7). Linkage to this locus was confirmed with independent family sets. Additional loci have also been proposed to be associated with psoriasis. Here we describe two peaks of strong association with psoriasis on chromosome 17q25 separated by 6 Mb. Associated single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the proximal peak lie in or near SLC9A3R1 (also called EBP50 and NHERF1) and NAT9, a new member of the N-acetyltransferase family. SLC9A3R1 is a PDZ domain-containing phosphoprotein that associates with members of the ezrin-radixin-moesin family and is implicated in diverse aspects of epithelial membrane biology and immune synapse formation in T cells. The distal peak of association is in RAPTOR (p150 target of rapamycin (TOR)-scaffold protein containing WD-repeats). Expression of SLC9A3R1 is highest in the uppermost stratum Malpighi of psoriatic and normal skin and in inactive versus active T cells. A disease-associated SNP lying between SLC9A3R1 and NAT9 leads to loss of RUNX1 binding. This is the second example of loss of a RUNX1 binding site associated with susceptibility to an autoimmune disease. It also suggests defective regulation of SLC9A3R1 or NAT9 by RUNX1 as a susceptibility factor for psoriasis.
Musculoskeletal side effects were common in AI-treated patients, resulting in therapy discontinuation in more than 10% of patients. There are no identifiable pre-therapy indicators of risk, and the etiology remains elusive.
Background
Accurate assessment of CYP2D6 phenotypes from genotype is inadequate in patients taking CYP2D6 substrate together with CYP2D6 inhibitors. We propose a novel CYP2D6 scoring systems that incorporates the impact of concomitant medications with the genotype in calculating the CYP2D6 activity score.
Method
Training (n=159) and validation (n=81) data sets were obtained from a prospective cohort tamoxifen pharmacogenetics registry. Two inhibitor factors were defined: one genotype-independent and one genotype-based. Three CYP2D6 gene score systems, and their combination with the inhibitor factors, were compared. These three scores were based on Zineh, Zanger, and Gaedigk's approaches. Endoxifen/NDM-Tam plasma ratio was used as the phenotype.
Results
The overall performance of the three gene score systems without consideration of CYP2D6 inhibiting medications in predicting CYP2D6 phenotype was poor both in the training (R2=0.24, 0.22 and 0.18) and the validation set, (R2=0.30, 0.24 and 0.15). Once the CYP2D6 genotype-independent inhibitor factor was integrated into the score calculation, the R2 values in the training and validation data sets are nearly twice as high as the genotype only scoring model: (0.44, 0.43, 0.38) and (0.53, 0.50, 0.41) respectively.
Conclusion
The integration of the inhibitory effect of concomitant medications with the CYP2D6 genotype into the composite CYP2D6 Activity Score doubled our ability to predict the CYP2D6 phenotype. However, endoxifen phenotypes still varied substantially, even with incorporation of CYD2D6 genotype and inhibiting factors, suggesting that other, yet unidentified, factors must be involved in tamoxifen activation.
This study emphasizes our inability to predict who will develop pancreatic toxicity from asparaginase and suggests that those at risk might have an unidentified genetic predisposition.
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