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Objective: To investigate the antimicrobial activities of various solvent extracts of the bark of Cinnamomum cassia and Cinnamomum zeylanicum. Methods: The powdered barks of C. cassia and C. zeylanicum were extracted using methanol, ethanol and acetone. The antimicrobial activity of methanolic, ethanolic and acetone extracts of barks of C. cassia and C. zeylanicum were studied using agar well diffusion method against seven ATCC bacterial species (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus pyogenes, Escherichia coli, Salmonella bongori and Pseudomonas aeruginosa). The antimicrobial activity of extracts of C. cassia and C. zeylanicum were compared with gentamycin. Results: The ethanolic and acetone extract of C. cassia and C. zeylanicum showed greater zones of inhibition than methanolic extract. C. zeylanicum inhibited the growth of all seven ATCC strains used in this study whereas, C. cassia inhibited the growth of S. pyogenes, S. aureus, B. cereus, E. faecalis, P. aeruginosa and S. bongori. Gentamycin inhibited the pathogenic group of all ATCC strains used in this study. Conclusion:The ethanolic and acetone extracts of bark of C. Cassia and C. zeylanicum exhibited a broad spectrum of exhibited a broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity.

Background:Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is an important part of the human diet and serves as a source of natural products. Identification and understanding of genes in P. vulgaris is important for its improvement. Characterization of expressed sequence tags (ESTs) is one of the approaches in understanding the expressed genes. For the understanding of genes expression in P. vulgaris pod-tissue, research work of ESTs generation was initiated by constructing cDNA libraries using 5-day and 20-day old bean-pod-tissues. Altogether, 5972 cDNA clones were isolated to have ESTs. While processing ESTs, we found a transcript for calmodulin (CaM) gene. It is an important gene that encodes for a calcium-binding protein and known to express in all eukaryotic cells. Hence, this study was undertaken to analyse and annotate it.Objective:The objective of this study was to analyze and annotate P. vulgaris CaM (PvCaM) gene cDNA and its deduced protein (amino acids) sequence.Materials and Methods:Both strands of PvCaM cDNA clone were sequenced using M13 forward and reverse primer to elucidate the nucleotide sequence. The cDNA sequence and deduced protein sequence were analyzed and annotated using bioinformatics tools available online. The secondary structures and three-dimensional (3D) structure of PvCaM protein were predicted using the Phyre automatic fold recognition server.Results:Results showed that PvCaM cDNA is 818 bp in length. The cDNA analysis results showed that it contains an open reading frame that encodes for 149 amino acid residues. The deduced protein sequence analysis results showed the presence of conserved domains required for CaM function. The predicted secondary structures and 3D structure are analogous to the Solanum tuberosum CaM.Conclusions:This study analyzed and annotated PvCaM cDNA and protein. However, in order to obtain a complete understanding of PvCaM protein, further study on its expression, structure and regulation is essential.