Monkeypox virus (MPOX) is a zoonotic disease in humans. It is similar genetically to its virus family member, smallpox. This virus has been studied since the 1970s. The virus remains endemic to the Congo and West African regions, but non-endemic spreads have been cited. The most recent non-endemic outbreak in the spring of 2022 amidst the current COVID-19 pandemic is of interest due to its impact on global medical, economic, and societal climates. This literature review aims to highlight the virology, clinical signs and symptoms, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of MPOX and discuss the social implications of the recent 2022 outbreak.We hope this review can pinpoint important clinical pearls of the MPOX virus and its societal impacts to further promote important discussion of this virus and its disease.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease in which the body's immune system destroys myelin causing disruption of signals from the brain to the rest of the body. MS can be triggered by a variety of reasons. In this study, we present the case of a patient who developed neurological symptoms immediately (one day) after receiving the hepatitis B vaccine. The temporality of symptoms makes us question whether there is an association between the hepatitis B vaccine and MS. We would like to emphasize the importance of considering MS as a side effect of the hepatitis B vaccine and adding MS to the differential diagnosis of a patient who presents with neurological symptoms after receiving the hepatitis B vaccine.

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PRES (posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome) is a clinical-radiographic syndrome comprising clinical symptoms, including headache, vision abnormalities, nausea/vomiting, seizures, and posterior cerebral white matter edema seen as radiographic changes. Commonly, PRES is known to occur with severely elevated blood pressure, or eclampsia. However, in recent times, increasing cases of PRES have been observed in patients being treated with immunotherapy or chemotherapy. Nivolumab is an immunotherapy used in the treatment of various cancers and is an increasingly identified cause of PRES. A few case reports exist in the literature. We report a case of nivolumab-induced PRES.

Vitamin B12 deficiency is common in vegetarians, as meat is a common source of vitamin B12. In this case presentation, a patient presented to his primary care doctor with signs of severe vitamin B12 deficiency anemia. He had elevated lactate dehydrogenase levels, indirect bilirubin, and schistocytes on the blood smear, all pointing toward a hemolytic process. A severe vitamin B12 deficiency was deemed the cause of this hemolytic anemia after ruling out other causes. We highlight the importance of knowing more about this pathogenesis to avoid unnecessary workup and management for an elementary disorder that can result from severe B12 deficiency.