Apolipoprotein A1 (APOA1) is a potential biomarker because of its variable concentration in different types of cancers. The current study is the first of its kind to evaluate the association between the APOA1 genotypes of −75 G/A and +83 C/T in tandem with the APOA1 protein expression in urine samples to find out the risk and potential relationship for differentially expressed urinary proteins and APOA1 genotypes. The study included 108 cases of bladder tumors and 150 healthy controls that were frequency matched to cases with respect to age, sex, and smoking status. Genotyping was performed using PCR-RFLP and the urinary expression of the APOA1 protein was done using ELISA. Bladder tumor cases were significantly associated with the APOA1 −75 AA genotype (p < 0.05), while the APOA1 +83 C/T heterozygotes showed an association with cases (p < 0.05). The overall distribution of the different haplotypes showed a marked difference between the cases and controls in GT when compared with the wild type GC (p < 0.03). Bladder tumor cases that carried the variant genotype APOA1 −75AA were found more (70.0%) with a higher expression (≥20 ng/mL)of the APOA1 urinary protein and differed significantly against wild type GG (p = 0.03).Again, in low grade bladder tumors, urinary APOA1 protein was exhibited significantly more (52.4% vs. 15.4% high grade) with a higher expression (≥20 ng), while high grade tumor cases (84.6% vs. 47.5% low grade) showed a lower APOA1 expression (<20 ng/mL) (O.R = 6.08, p = 0.002). A strong association was observed between APOA1 −75G/A and risk for bladder tumor and its relation to urinary protein expression, which substantiates its possible role as a marker for the risk assessment of the disease and as a promising diagnostic marker for different grades of malignant bladder tumors.

Original Research Article Objective: We Modified the technique of pubo-vaginal fascial rectus sling to make it minimally invasive, less expensive and reduce the incidence of post operative urinary dysfunction. Material and Methods: This study was conducted over a period of ten years on 147 patients who were operated from Jan 2003 to Jan 2013, and followed till Jan 2020. Female patients with age range from 25-65yrs, having SUI were included in the study. Apart from the standard operative procedure of PVS, we have developed a modification in which once the prolene threads are passed above from the vaginal wound, they are not tied together as per the standard procedure but a Hemolok clip (10mm) was used bilaterally to secure the thread over the rectus sheath. Results: Operation was performed in general as well as in regional block. Mean operative time was 45 min with average blood loss of 100 ml. Average Sling length was 10cm with a width of 2cms. Hemolok clips (10mm) were used at both ends over the rectus sheath after appropriate tension. Hospital stay was 2.4 days. Minor Complications occur in 17 pts (11.5%). Till Jan 2020, 131pts (89.11%) are voiding well & have no leakage or retention, while rest of the patients 16 (10.88%) are lost to follow up after 3 years. Conclusion: Syed ' s Modified Pubovaginal fascial rectus sling is a highly successful strategy for the management of Female urinary incontinence with a low rate of postoperative voiding dysfunction with good long term functional & cosmetic results.

No abstract