Abstract. In SPARQL, conjunctive queries are expressed by using shared variables across sets of triple patterns, also called basic graph patterns. Based on this characterization, basic graph patterns in a SPARQL query can be partitioned into groups of acyclic patterns that share exactly one variable, or star-shaped groups. We observe that the number of triples in a group is proportional to the number of individuals that play the role of the subject or the object; however, depending on the degree of participation of the subject individuals in the properties, a group could be not much larger than a class or type to which the subject or object belongs. Thus, it may be significantly more efficient to independently evaluate each of the groups, and then merge the resulting sets, than linearly joining all triples in a basic graph pattern. Based on this observation, we have developed query optimization and evaluation techniques on star-shaped groups. We have conducted an empirical analysis on the benefits of the optimization and evaluation techniques in several SPARQL query engines. We observe that our proposed techniques are able to speed up query evaluation time for join queries with star-shaped patterns by at least one order of magnitude.

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Abstract-Optical Transport Networks (OTN) must be prepared in terms of better resource utilization, for accommodating unicast and multicast traffic together. Light-trees have been proposed for supporting multicast connections in OTN. Nevertheless when Traffic Grooming is applied in light-trees, resources can be underutilized as traffic can be routed to undesirable destinations in order to avoid Optical-Electrical-Optical (OEO) conversions. In this paper, a novel architecture named S/G Lighttree for supporting unicast/multicast connections is proposed. The architecture allows traffic dropping and aggregation in different wavelengths without performing OEO conversions. A heuristic that routes traffic demands using less wavelengths by taking advantage of the proposed architecture is designed as well. Simulation results show that the architecture can minimize the number of used wavelengths and OEO conversions when compared to light-trees.

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