Most countries in the Amazon have no clear policy frameworks to provide a legal path for sustainable wildlife management (SWM), including the commercial use of bushmeat. In Colombia, despite efforts to provide more local autonomy in the management of natural resources and the openness towards the sustainable use of wildlife since the 1970s, there are still a number of legal and technical impediments that need to be regulating the activity. Then, we explore the opportunities for legal commercial hunting by rural communities and highlight current bottlenecks. Finally, we report on lessons learnt from past initiatives of sustainable bushmeat use in the country. In our conclusion, we provide some legalize sustainable local bushmeat trade by rural communities.
ESCOBAR, J. F. Sustainable wood production for energy in Brazil. The case of wood pellets. 2016. 122 p. Doctoral Thesis-Graduate Program in Energy at the University of São Paulo-PPGE. The decarbonization plans worldwide, the world market of wood pellets tends to increase, and to meet the world demand it will be necessary to include emerging countries which show potential such as Brazil, as it has a great vocation in sustainable production of Eucalyptus wood and has higher productivity than any other country in the world, it is the ideal forest species for wood pellets production for energy in Brazil. The central problem is to enable the sustainable production, which can meet domestic and international demand of woody biomass for energy. This study initially identified the wood supply and demand for energy by type and source, and it was later raised to the productive potential of energy forests; finally it was detected the problems in solid biomass in Brazil. Results of this study show the sustainable production potential of short rotation Eucalyptus in range of (150 km) of Brazilian ports, aiming to pellets export, as well as this study has resulted in a patent, number: (BR 10 2016 023862 5), resulting in reduced to acceptable levels (ENplus), by the relevant rules of chlorine emissions, thus preventing the formation of dioxins, and allowing removal of alkali metals thereby reducing the formation of ash and decreasing the corrosion of combustion systems for energy production by solid biofuels.
Depois de concluída a fase principal de exploração comercial do látex (cerca de 30 anos), os plantios de seringueira apresentam-se como fonte alternativa de madeira para serraria e para outros produtos à base de madeira com valor agregado superior ao da lenha, tendência já consagrada em países do sudeste asiático. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo principal avaliar a influência do módulo de elasticidade dinâmico (E d ) das lâminas no desempenho mecânico à flexão de painéis compensados de Hevea brasiliensis. Para este estudo, as lâminas de seringueira foram selecionadas em três classes de módulo de elasticidade dinâmico, definidas como baixo (de 4887-7323 MPa), médio (de 8200-8948 MPa) e alto (de 10979-13010 MPa) módulo de elasticidade. Foram confeccionados painéis compensados com cinco tratamentos, variando-se as classes das lâminas utilizadas e seus arranjos. Os resultados obtidos revelaram influência significativa dos tratamentos na resistência à flexão dos painéis. Os painéis com melhor desempenho mecânico foram confeccionados exclusivamente com lâminas de alto e médio módulo de elasticidade dinâmico. Os painéis que utilizaram lâminas com baixo módulo de elasticidade apresentaram menor desempenho mecânico, mesmo quando elas estavam combinadas com lâminas de alto módulo.
RESUMOO látex é o principal produto extraído das árvores de seringueira (Hevea brasiliensis). No Brasil, ao final do ciclo produtivo de látex, a madeira dessas árvores é utilizada tradicionalmente para fins energéticos, mas diversos trabalhos internacionais relatam práticas consolidadas de agregação de valor a ela. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a qualidade da madeira e classificá-la estruturalmente a partir de propriedades mecânicas do lenho de árvores do clone comercial GT 1 de seringueira. Foram utilizadas seis árvores provenientes de plantio de 20 anos de idade da cidade de Itajobi-SP. Da tora inferior (desde a base até a altura do DAP), foram produzidos corpos de prova de dimensões reduzidas, na direção radial do lenho, para avaliação da qualidade pelos ensaios de compressão paralela às fibras, flexão estática e dureza Janka; da tora superior (do DAP até a altura de 2,50 m), foram produzidos dois corpos de prova por árvore, para a classificação estrutural baseada no ensaio de compressão paralela às fibras (NBR 7190, 1997 (ABNT, 1997). A madeira foi classificada estruturalmente como classe C40. Os resultados revelaram que a resistência não apresentou diferença estatisticamente significativa na direção radial (a menos da dureza Janka), sendo observada, no entanto, tendência de aumento no sentido medula-casca.Palavras-chave: propriedades mecânicas, tecnologia, seringueira. Quality of Wood and Structural Classification of Hevea brasiliensis Clone GT 1 ABSTRACTLatex is the main product extracted from rubber trees (Hevea brasiliensis). In Brazil, at the end of the production cycle of latex, the wood of rubber tree is traditionally used for energy purposes, but several international studies have reported consolidated practices of adding value to it. The objective of this paper was to evaluate the quality of wood and classify it structurally based on its mechanical properties. Six 20-year-old trees of the clone GT 1 of rubber tree proceeding from Itajobi, State of Sao Paulo, Brazil were sampled. Reduced dimensions specimens in the radial direction of the wood were produced to evaluate the quality by compression parallel to the grain, static bending and Janka hardness tests. Two specimens, one from the lower log (since the ground up to breast height) and one from the higher log (from breast height up to 2.50 m) were produced for structural classification of the wood based on the characteristic strength in compression parallel to the grain (NBR 7190 norm, 1997). The wood was classified as C40 (f c0k ≥ 40 MPa) class. Results revealed that the strength was not statistically different in the radial direction (except for the Janka hardness), though tending to increase from pith to bark.
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