ElsevierPedro Monzonis, M.; Solera Solera, A.; Ferrer Polo, FJ.; Estrela Monreal, T.; Paredes Arquiola, J. (2015). A review of water scarcity and drought indexes in water resources planning and management. Journal of Hydrology. (527) Water represents an essential element for the life of all who inhabit our planet. But the random 10 nature of this resource, which is manifested by the alternation of wet periods and dry periods, 11 makes it even more precious. Whatever the approach (water planning, water management, 12 drought, economy), in order to maximise the profit produced by the allocation of water it is 13 necessary an understanding of the relationships between physical variables as precipitation, 14 temperatures, streamflows, reservoir volumes, piezometric levels, water demands and 15 infrastructures management. This paper attends to provide a review of fundamental water 16 scarcity and drought indexes that enables to assess the status of a water exploitation system. 17With the aim of a better water management and governance under water scarcity conditions., 18 this paper also presents a classification of indexes to help decision makers and stakeholders to 19 select the most appropriate indexes, taking as the starting point the objectives of the analysis 20 and the river basin features. 21Keywords: Water planning, water management, water exploitation system, water scarcity 22 indexes, drought indexes 23 2

Intensive groundwater development is a common circumstance in semiarid and arid areas. Often

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The potential presence of introduced antibiotics in the aquatic environment is a hot topic of concern, particularly in the Antarctic, a highly vulnerable area protected under the Madrid protocol. The increasing presence of human population, especially during summer, might led to the appearance of pharmaceuticals in wastewater. The previous discovery of Escherichia coli strains resistant to antibiotics in sea water and wastewater collected in King George Island motivated our investigation on antibiotics occurrence in these samples. The application of a multi-residue LC-MS/MS method for 20 antibiotics, revealed the presence of 8 compounds in treated wastewater, mainly the quinolones ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin (92% and 54% of the samples analyzed, average concentrations 0.89 µg/L and 0.75 µg/L, respectively) and the macrolides azithromycin and clarithromycin (15% positive samples, and average concentrations near 0.4 µg/L), and erythromycin (38% positive samples, average concentration 0.003 µg/L). Metronidazole and clindamycin were found in one sample, at 0.17 and 0.1 µg/L, respectively; and trimethoprim in two samples, at 0.001 µg/L. Analysis of sea water collected near the outfall of the wastewater discharges also showed the sporadic presence of 3 antibiotics (ciprofloxacin, clindamycin, trimethoprim) at low ng/L level, illustrating the impact of pharmaceuticals consumption and the poor removal of these compounds in conventional WWTPs. The most widespread antibiotic in sea water was ciprofloxacin, which was found in 15 out of 34 sea water samples analyzed, at concentrations ranging from 4 to 218 ng/L. Bacteria resistance was observed for some antibiotics identified in the samples (e.g. trimetropim and nalidixic acid -a first generation quinolone). However, resistance to some groups of antibiotics could not be correlated to their presence in the water samples due to analytical limitations (penicillins, tetraciclines). On the contrary, for some groups of antibiotics detected in samples (macrolides), the antibacterial activity against E. Coli was not investigated because these antibiotics do not include this bacterial species in their spectrum of activity.Our preliminary data demonstrate that antibiotics occurrence in the Antarctic aquatic environment is an issue that needs to be properly addressed. Periodical monitoring of water samples and the implementation of additional treatments in the WWTPs are recommended as a first step to prevent potential problems related to the presence of antibiotics and other emerging contaminants in the near future in Antarctica.

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