Aggressive behavior in patients with intellectual disability can be resistant to pharmacological treatment and have detrimental consequences to themselves, family members, and caregivers. Hypothalamic deep brain stimulation (DBS) has been used to improve this type of behavior in severe and refractory cases. Here, we present the description and analysis of DBS of the posteromedial hypothalamus (PMH) and its long-term impact as treatment to improve severe and refractory aggressive behaviors, even with previous bilateral hypothalamotomy without improvement in patients with intellectual disability. Eleven patients underwent bilateral DBS of the PMH. Their medical records were reviewed, and the impact on behavior was measured using preoperative and postoperative Modified Overt Aggression Scale (MOAS) during the last follow-up medical visit. Nine of 11 patients presented a significant decrease in the severity of aggressive behavior, with a preoperative and postoperative MOAS average value of 50.5 and 18.7, respectively. An overall improvement of 63% was seen with a mean follow-up time of 4 years. A patient who previously underwent a bilateral hypothalamotomy via radiofrequency was included in this group. During follow-up, 3 patients presented deterioration of symptoms subsequent to pulse generator depletion but made a full clinical recovery after battery replacement. We posit that DBS of the PMH may be a safe and effective in improving severe and refractory aggressive behavior in patients with long-term intellectual disability.
En la implantación de electrodos cerebrales profundos el gran reto del cirujano es la más precisa implantación de electrodos en el lugar seleccionado, presentamos el análisis de la técnica quirúrgica estándar internacional y análisis de una cohorte de pacientes implantados en términos de precisión lograda en un estudio observacional descriptivo retrospectivo de doce pacientes, se analizó la precisión en implantación de electrodos con la técnica quirúrgica estándar internacional, comparando la posición de los electrodos en el post operatorio inmediato con la posición de los electrodos planeada antes del procedimiento quirúrgico. El estudio incluye doce pacientes con Enfermedad de Parkinson (9), distonía cervical (1), síndrome tardío (1) y Enfermedad de Gilles de la Tourette (1), implantados con técnica quirúrgica estándar internacional. Todos los pacientes fueron implantados bilateralmente, para un total de 24 electrodos implantados. En la medición de la distancia entre el blanco quirúrgico planeado en el preoperatorio y la localización final del electrodo, encontramos una distancia promedio de 0.89 milímetros, con un rango entre 0 y 2.5 milímetros. Encontramos que la implantación de electrodos cerebrales por estereotaxia, imágenes, software y microregistro, en paciente despierto, con micro y macro estimulación, es un procedimiento preciso y seguro con diferencia promedio 0,89 milímetros.
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