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Background and Aim: Discordant results that demand clarification have been published on diagnostic lung ultrasound (LUS) signs of transient tachypnea of the neonate (TTN) in previous cross-sectional, single-center studies. This work was conducted to correlate clinical and imaging data in a longitudinal and multicenter fashion. Methods: Neonates with a gestational age of 34–40 weeks and presenting with TTN underwent a first LUS scan at 60–180 min of life. LUS scans were repeated every 6–12 h if signs of respiratory distress persisted. Images were qualitatively described and a LUS aeration score was calculated. Clinical data were collected during respiratory distress. Results: We enrolled 65 TTN patients. Thirty-one (47.6%) had a sharp echogenicity increase in the lower lung fields (the “double lung point” or DLP sign). On admission, there was no significant difference between patients with and without DLP in Silverman scores (4 ± 1.5 vs. 4 ± 2.1; p = 0.9) or LUS scores (7.6 ± 2.6 vs. 5.6 ± 3.8; p = 0.12); PaO₂/FiO₂ (249 ± 93 vs. 252 ± 125; p = 0.91). All initial LUS scans (performed at the onset of distress) and 99.5% of all scans showed a regular pleural line with no consolidation, with only 1 neonate showing consolidation in the follow-up scans. The Silverman and LUS scores were significantly correlated (rho = 0.27; p = 0.02). Conclusion: A regular pleural line with no consolidation is a consistent finding in TTN. The presence of a DLP is not essential for the LUS diagnosis of TTN. A semi-quantitative LUS score correlates well with the clinical course and could be useful in monitoring changes in lung aeration during TTN.

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When comparing all the pigs treated with NACA vs. saline after hypoxia Fold Change of ASC in cortex was significantly reduced, p (Table 2).In hippocampus, cortex and Striatum Fold Change of IL-1b was elevated in all the hypoxia groups compared with the control group, p Conclusion NACA reduces the protein expression of Il-1beta and mRNA-expression of ASC in cortex after hypoxia. This may indicate that NACA has some neuroprotective abilities after perinatal asphyxia.Upcoming analyses of histopathology and injury markers will elucidate possible neuroprotective effects of NACA treatment following birth asphyxia. Background and aims Hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy (HIE) has been associated with long-term disabilities. Hypothermia is effective but does not provide complete neuroprotection, adjunctive therapies are necessary. Allopurinol has been proved as a good neuroprotector, but it has never been tested associated with hypothermia. The aim of the present study was to examine therapeutically effectiveness of dual therapy (hypothermia + allopurinol) versus hypothermia, in a neonatal rat model of HIE. Methods 120 Wistar pups at postnatal day 10 were used and divided into 5 groups: Sham-Operated, Hypoxic-ischaemic (HI) aggression, HI aggression + Allopurinol, HI aggression + Hypothermia, HI aggression + Hypothermia + Allopurinol. PS-337At 25 day of life, spatial memory was assessed via water maze test. Finally, rats were anaesthetised and sacrified. In order to assess possible alterations in the hippocampal synaptic network, 3 specific synaptic proteins (PSD95, SNAP25, synaptophysin) were tested by Western Blot. Results There were differences in the learning outcomes among hypoxic, hypoxic + allopurinol, hypothermia, hypothermia + allopurinol and sham operated (p < 0,05). The worst group was the hypoxic one.Synaptophysin and SNAP25 levels were higher in controls and treatment groups compared with hypoxic untreated animals. However, the highest level of PSD95 corresponded to the hypoxic group. Conclusions Hypothermia and allopurinol seem to improve learning in HIE pups.Increased levels of presynaptic proteins in the treatment groups suggest that hypothermia and allopurinol improve synaptic plasticity compared with untreated group.PSD95 was also described in the literature as a suppressor of dendritic arbour development, so this could explain our results in the hypoxic group.