Untersuehungen an kolloidalen LSsungen mit scheibchenf6rmigen Kolloidteilehen haben gelehrt, dal3 diese Teilchen starke Neigung haben, sich regel-mgBig zu ordnen in parallelen Sehichten mit einem bestimmten Abstand zwischen den einzelnen Schichten. Vorliegende Untersuchung zei~, dab eine Ordnung wahrscheinlich aueh bei Fliissigkeiten mit scheibchenfSrmigen Molekiilen auftritt. --Man muB annehmen, dab bei Fliissigkeiten mit seheibehen-f6rmigen Molekiilen dieselben ghnlich (in kleinen Gruppen) regelmgBig geordnet liegen, wenn man bei einer Temperatur weir unterhalb der kritisehen Temperatur untersucht. Die Ordnung innerhalb der Gruppen ist wahrscheinlieh rScht b|ol~ eine para]lele, sondern eine gitter/ihnliche. Dutch die intensive W~rmebewegung wird ein Molekiil fortwghrend yon der einen zur anderen Gruppe wandern k6nnen. Die Aehsen dieser Gruppen liegen regellos verteilt. Je hSher die Temperatur, um so undeutlieher wird der EinfluB der Scheibehenform der Molekiile auf das R6ntgendiagramm. Bei der kritisehen Temperatur, wo das spezifisehe Gewieht viel kleiner ist, w~e ein sehr viel kleinerer Ordnungsgrad zu erwarten. w 1. We]cheR~ntgenlnterferenzen wgren zu erwarten bei Seheibehen-oder Schiisselform der Molekiile? Im 2. Tell dieser Abhandlung wurden Substanzen besprochen, deren Molekiil drei bis vier gleiche Seitenketten an einem zentralen Kern tragt, und die nun start * 1. Teil: ZS. f. Phys. 45, 97, 1927; 2. Tell: ebenda 46, 392, 1928. ** Daft diese Substanzen zwei amorphe Ringe geben, nach der Hydrierung blo~ einen, wurde sehon am 25. Mai 1927 yon J. R. Katz auf dem Kolloqaium yon Prof. P. Ehrenfest (Leiden) vorgetragen. Die in dieser Abhandlung vorgeschlagene Erkliirung der Erscheinung-Aufbau der Flfissigkeit aus Gruppen geordneter Molekfile --wurde damals gleiehfalls vorgetragen. Ausfiihrlieh wurde letztgenannte Auffassung entwiekel~ auf der Tagung der Chemiedozenten Nordwestdeutschlands am 3. Dezember 1927 in Hannover (fiir ausfiihrliches Referat dieses Vortrags siehe ZS. f. angew. Chem. 41, 329, 1928). Dort wurde eine Ubersieht aller damals bekannten F~lle gegeben, wo bei Fli~ssigkeiten die Anordnung der Molekfile zu Gruppen wahrscheinlieh gemaeht worden war. Der Druek der vorliegenden Abhandlung wurde sehr versp~itet dutch den Yorsatz, dessen Ausffihruug verschoben werden muflte, diese Beobaehtungen an Fliissigkeiten durch fihnliehe an den gasfiirmigen Substanzen zu ergRnzen.

Despite its importance, the literature on wage differentials between public-and private- A large proportion of the labour force throughout the world is employed in the public sector. According to data from the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (oecd, 2011), the public sector provides 30% of all jobs in Norway and Denmark, 22% in France and 16% in the United States. Although public employment accounts for roughly 15% of total employment across Latin America, and 10% in Chile specifically (Mizala, Romaguera and Gallegos, 2011), there has been very little comparative analysis of employment and wages in the two sectors in the region. The present study contributes to the literature by analysing the wage gap and mobility between the public and private sectors among wage-earners in Chile, using panel data from the Social Protection Survey (eps) for the period [2002][2003][2004][2005][2006][2007][2008][2009]. Employment in the public and private sectors has specific features that may affect pay in each sector: (i) some productive activities are undertaken typically either by the public or by the private sector; (ii) publicsector hiring often obeys different rules than those of the private sector (political decisions for example); (iii) the public sector is regulated by specific legislation on employment conditions; and, in addition, compliance with general labour legislation is much stricter in the public sector than in the private sector in many countries. There is also evidence that public-sector workers are more risk-averse and display a greater preference for public services and non-profit institutions (Gregory and Borland, 1999).The literature on wage differences between publicand private-sector workers comes mainly from developed countries. In general, studies provide evidence of a premium for working in the public sector, which is higher among women but declines over the wage distribution, and can even become negative. 1 The evidence also shows that the public-sector wage distribution is less dispersed than its private sector counterpart, even when observable characteristics are controlled for (Bender and Elliott, 1999).An important methodological issue when analysing inter-sectoral wage differences is that workers have variable unobservable characteristics (innate abilities, motivation, risk aversion and others). These affect their wage and the decision to work in the private or public sector, thereby biasing the results. Using data from the United States, Krueger (1988) finds that, when using longitudinal data and correcting for selection bias, the unexplained wage gap between the sectors is substantially smaller than that obtained from ordinary least squares (ols) estimations with cross-section data. More recent studies, such as Lee (2004) for the United States, have obtained similar results.Among the most recent studies, Bargain and Melly (2008) use longitudinal data for France and estimate the average wage gap with a fixed-effects model and quantile regressions with fixed effects...

Regulation of goods associated with negative environmental externalities may decrease consumption of the targeted product, but may be ineffective at reducing the externality itself if close substitutes are left unregulated. We find evidence that plastic bag bans, the most common disposable bag regulation in the U.S., led retailers to circumvent the regulation by providing free thicker plastic bags, which are not covered by the ban. In contrast, a regulation change that replaced the ban with a small tax on all disposable bags generated large decreases in disposable bag use and overall environmental costs. Our results suggest that narrowly defined regulations (such as plastic bag bans) may be less effective than policies that target a more comprehensive set of products, even in the case when the policy instrument itself (a tax rather than a ban) is not as strict.

PertiCará. Doctora en Economía, universidad de texas a&M. Profesora auxiliar, Facultad de Economía y Negocios, universidad alberto Hurtado, Santiago, chile.

In countries where informal, insecure jobs are widespread, traditional labour market indicators – such as the unemployment rate, labour force participation rate and wages – are not necessarily the most meaningful. The authors use a multidimensional employment quality index to analyse the Brazilian labour market over the period 2002–11, across three dimensions: earnings, formality (measured by the existence of an employment contract and social security contributions) and job tenure. The results show a significant increase in employment quality overall, especially in the years 2009–11, but with considerable differences between wage employees and self‐employed workers, and between industries.