This paper describes the TiO2 performance based energy gap related to its annealing process. TiO2 is one of the comprehensive band gap semiconductor materials which has been under extensive investigation in recently. This is due to its application in various fields such as photo electrolysis, photo catalysis, dye sensitized solar cells, gas sensor, optical fibers etc. Furthermore, advent of nanotechnology increases its applications many fold and different types of TiO2 have been used for different types of sensing applications. The TiO2 exists in different crystalline forms such as anatase, rutile and brookite. Solar cells consists of mono-crystalline, thin films, dye sensitized solar cells and multi-junction. TiO2 can be produced by using techniques like sputtering, vacuum evaporation, pulse laser deposition, molecular beam epitaxial, sol-gel and chemical bath deposition. Successful annealing process leads to a high performance solar cells. To fabricate the solar cells, there are four types of ways which are doctor blading, spin coat, sol-gel and screen printing. A comparison of annealing process, nanoscale structure and performance output powers been done successfully. The produced TiO2 also been tested with a high power performance.

This paper describes the high speed and the cost effective of the general purpose industrial control system named as Programmable controller for industrial automation (PCIA). It is a replacement of expensive controllers/ PLCs that are used in industries for automation purpose. PCIA is real-time power efficient and reliable controller with a facility of data acquisition and monitoring on its touch screen using interfacing module. This control system can automate any type of industrial machinery and processes. The core element of PCIA is programmable AVR (Advance Virtual RISC) microcontroller which controls each and every action of Programmable controller for industrial automation. It compromises of nine different modules CPU, HMI, digital input, digital output, analog input, analog output, thermocouple module and power supply modules. The software of PCIA is written in C language. Special circuitries are used in power supply and other modules are also used to protect the system from different industrial noises.

In many countries fossil fuels are used as the main source to generate electricity, but due to the increase in energy consumption and the rapid depletion of the fossil fuel resources, the demand of alternate energy sources such as solar, wind or hydro power becomes high [1]. In this paper wind energy as an alternate energy resource for electric power generation is proposed in the form of a small wind farm for grid-connected application in Perlis Malaysia. The monthly wind speed data of Perlis which is the smallest state of Malaysia were measured and the wind mill parameters such as Air Density, Blade Length, Power Coefficient and Blade Length were calculated. The mechanical output power of the proposed wind turbine form is calculated to check out its performance and reliability. The results showed that the proposed wind energy power generating system is a good choice and can be implemented in Malaysia to provide enough power for small towns and rural areas.

Smart home uses a combination of the renewable energy power resources, the use of power generation from solar cells based on titanium dioxide (TiO2) which acts as the only type which produces an efficient solar cell power to obtain the electricity to recharge the standby storage device from the sunlight. The thin film of Titanium dioxide is synthesized by the sol-gel spin coating techniques at 2000 rpm on the glass. The films have a constant thickness of ~240nm. The annealing process consists of 150°C, 250°C and 350°C. The study of the absorbance and the wavelength values are important. At this condition, for the solar cell, the wavelength is around ~280nm to ~330nm. As the temperature of annealing increases the higher absorbance would be produced. The refractive index of TiO2 film is estimated at different annealing temperatures and it increases with the increasing of the annealing temperature. The application is suitable to smart home design. The dynamic output voltage obtained from the solar cells is interfaced with other circuitry such as inverters and interface charging circuit in order to inject the generated power into the standby storage device. The calculated result of this application is efficient to reduce the electrical bill by almost 30% of its original value.

Purpose: To investigate the dosimetric consequence of intrafraction motion in stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) to the spine. Methods: Post‐treatment CBCT registration results from 103 spine SRS cases were used as surrogates to analyze the scale of intrafraction motion. For only those cases with motion vectors greater than the 2 mm planning margin (subgroup, n=20), dose was re‐calculated in the TPS assuming a worst case scenario where the entire treatment was delivered in the post‐treatment position. Dosimetric data was evaluated only for subgroup patients. DVH parameters, including PTV V100%, V90%, D99%, D80%, and maximum cord dose in equivalent dose of 2 Gy (EQD2_cord, α/β=2 Gy) were compared with those in the original plans. The correlations between DVH differences, treatment time, and motion distance were calculated. RESULTS: The intrafraction motions for all cases and the subgroup were 1.3±1.2 mm and 3.1±1.4 mm, respectively, with a max of 6.5 mm. In the subgroup, the re‐calculated PTV V100%, V90%, D99% and D80% values were significantly less than in the original plan: 78.6%, 90.6%, 60.2%, and 99.6% vs. 83.2%, 92.8%, 66.3%, and 102.2%, respectively (paired t‐tests, p<0.01). The corresponding differences were significantly correlated to motion distances, with V100% the best correlated parameter (R=0.834 and R2=0.695, p<0.01). The subgroup maximum EQD2_cord dose in the re‐calculated vs. original plans was 11.7±5.3 Gy vs. 10.4±4.4 Gy (p=0.14), with one case violating in‐house criteria. For all patients, the mean treatment time was 31.8±12.9 minutes, and no significant correlation was found between total treatment time and motion distance (R=−0.12, p=0.23). CONCLUSION: Intrafraction motion in spine SRS patients can cause significant deviations from planned tumor dose proportional to the motion magnitude. Since local failure is significantly correlated to PTV coverage, and intrafraction motion may exceed the 2mm PTV margin, intrafraction imaging and motion management could improve spine SRS local failure rates.