This paper describes the development of an apparatus to control the fluids that enter a solar collector in experimental tests with respect to the Australian and New Zealand Standard AS/NZS 2535.1.2007. This standard explains the testing procedure, indicating that the inlet fluid should have specified temperature and flow rate uncertainties. The hardware components were constructed in the lab. A new sophisticated data acquisition system with an NI CompactDAQ was added to control the unit, and a new software application in LabVIEW was developed. The unit was operated in an open-loop to understand its behaviour as a multiple-inputs and multiple-outputs system (MIMO). A rule of thumb tuning method was used to design the proportional-integral PI controller for the heating system.Moreover, a custom decoupler with a PI controller was developed to reduce the interactions in the MIMO. The measured steady-state responses were analysed to determine the flow rate and temperature compared with the limited boundaries. The final results show that the system could supply water to the solar collector within the accuracy requirements. Achieving the fluid's absolute temperature and flow rate within the required constraints of the published standard has proven that the developed unit can be adapted to perform solar collector testing. However, additional steps are suggested for further work to enable the unit to provide field testing.
High peak to average power ratio (PAPR) is considered as a prime challenge in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing. The partial transmits sequence (PTS) technique is one of the most effective methods for restraining the PAPR pattern. This study proposes a novel approach for enhancing PAPR reduction performance in a PTS by partitioning each subblock into two parts then exchanging the first sample with the last selection in each part of the subblock to generate a new partitioning scheme. The proposed algorithm is analysed and applied to typical traditional segmentation schemes, namely, the adjacent, interleaving and pseudo-random schemes. Moreover, simulation is conducted with two scenarios in which the number of subcarriers is set to 128 and 256. In both systems, the improved segmentation schemes demonstrate PAPR reduction performance that is superior to that of the traditional strategies. Furthermore, the computational complexity level of the enhanced adjusted PTS scheme is low compared with that of the conventional schemes.
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