Finite element method with a computer program SEEP/W were utilized to determine the "quantity" of flow through homogeneous earth dams with triangular toe filter. The effect of angle of upstream slope, angle of downstream slope, angle of toe filter, height of dam, crest width of dam, free board, length of toe filter and coefficient of permeability on the quantity of seepage were studied. The results show that, the seepage quantity decreased with increasing angle of toe filter, free board height and crest width of dam. Also, from the results can be concluded that, the flow quantity increased with increasing angle of "upstream slope", angle of "downstream slope" and length of toe filter. Using statistical analysis by a SPSS-19 program, a new empirical equation was suggested to estimate the quantity of seepage through earth dams with triangular toe filter.

Finite element method with a computer program SEEP/W were utilized to determine the "quantity" of flow through homogeneous earth dams with triangular toe filter. The effect of angle of upstream slope, angle of downstream slope, angle of toe filter, height of dam, crest width of dam, free board, length of toe filter and coefficient of permeability on the quantity of seepage were studied. The results show that, the seepage quantity decreased with increasing angle of toe filter, free board height and crest width of dam. Also, from the results can be concluded that, the flow quantity increased with increasing angle of "upstream slope", angle of "downstream slope" and length of toe filter. Using statistical analysis by a SPSS-19 program, a new empirical equation was suggested to estimate the quantity of seepage through earth dams with triangular toe filter.

Gypseous soil is one of the soils that suffer from problems and suffers from a reduction of shear strength and collapse when exposed to water immersion or water filtration in it. Many researchers have tried to solve these problems in different ways and by using many materials as additives to improve the performance and efficiency of this soil. In this research, the behavior of soil with a high content of gypsum (61.49%) is examined, using iron slag which is a by-product of the iron making process in melting furnaces, used as an additive in proportions (2, 4, 6, 8, 10., 12) %, by dry mixing method with soil. Tests are carried out to determine the effect of this substance on the shear strength parameters. The effect of water immersion on soil cohesion (c) is reduced until it reaches (c) in the case of immersion a value very close to the value in the dry state at slag ratio (10) %. This is the optimum ratio of slag to improve the value of (c). Whereas for the value of (ø), with the increase of the slag rate for both wet and dry cases, the value of (ø) increases, where (ø) reaches the highest value at; the slag rate (10) % for the dry state, and the slag rate (8) % for the soaked case. Whereas for the collapse potential (Cp), adding the slag reduces the value of the soil collapse potential (Cp), from (10.6) to the soil without additives until (0.95) for the slag rate (12) %. Then the soil becomes problematic soil.

This study investigates the "bearing capacity" of a strip footing subjected to inclined and "eccentric load" on geogrid reinforced sandy soil by using physical modeling. The effect of each of the "depth ratio" of the first sheet of reinforcement, the vertical space ratio between consecutive sheets, number of reinforcement sheets, and the effective "depth ratio" of reinforcement on the "bearing capacity" were investigated. Also, the combined effect of load inclination angle, eccentricity ratio of the load and the relative density on the ultimate "bearing capacity" were studied. The results illustrated that by increasing the number of reinforcement sheets, the "bearing capacity" increased, but there is an optimum value (4-5). The optimum "depth ratio" of the first sheet of reinforcement was 0.35B. The optimum vertical space ratio between consecutive sheets was 0.25B. Using a test results with helping a statically analysis software program, a new easy and reliable empirical equation for computing the ultimate "bearing capacity" of the strip footing subject to inclined and eccentric load supported on geogrid reinforced sandy soil was developed.

The finite element method is used to investigate the behavior of a strip footing constructed near the edge of a sloping cohesive ground. The effects of variation in footing closeness, loading eccentricity and slope angle are studied also. It is proved that Bowles method overestimates the load carrying capacity of the concentrically loaded strip footings on cohesive soils. Decreasing the distance between the footing and the slope edge, increasing the eccentricity and slope angle reduce the ultimate bearing capacity. Slope effect diminishes as the footing distance from the edge approaches (1.5) times its width.