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Quantitative AF imaging appears feasible. It may enhance understanding of retinal degeneration, serve as a diagnostic aid and as a sensitive marker of disease progression, and provide a tool to monitor the effects of therapeutic interventions.

Normative qAF data are a reference tool essential to the interpretation of qAF measurements in ocular disease.

Quantified fundus autofluorescence is an indirect approach to measuring RPE lipofuscin in vivo. We report that ABCA4 mutations cause significantly elevated qAF, consistent with previous reports indicating that increased RPE lipofuscin is a hallmark of STGD1. Even when qualitative differences in fundus AF images are not evident, qAF can elucidate phenotypic variation. Quantified fundus autofluorescence will serve to establish genotype-phenotype correlations and as an outcome measure in clinical trials.

Only five of the nine subunits of human eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 (eIF3) have recognizable homologs encoded in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae genome, and only two of these (Prt1p and Tif34p) were identified previously as subunits of yeast eIF3. We purified a polyhistidine-tagged form of Prt1p (His-Prt1p) by Ni 2؉ affinity and gel filtration chromatography and obtained a complex of Ϸ600 kDa composed of six polypeptides whose copurification was completely dependent on the polyhistidine tag on His-Prt1p. All five polypeptides associated with His-Prt1p were identified by mass spectrometry, and four were found to be the other putative homologs of human eIF3 subunits encoded in S. cerevisiae: YBR079c/Tif32p, Nip1p, Tif34p, and YDR429c/Tif35p. The fifth Prt1p-associated protein was eIF5, an initiation factor not previously known to interact with eIF3. The purified complex could rescue Met-tRNA i Met binding to 40S ribosomes in defective extracts from a prt1 mutant or extracts from which Nip1p had been depleted, indicating that it possesses a known biochemical activity of eIF3. These findings suggest that Tif32p, Nip1p, Prt1p, Tif34p, and Tif35p comprise an eIF3 core complex, conserved between yeast and mammals, that stably interacts with eIF5. Nip1p bound to eIF5 in yeast two-hybrid and in vitro protein binding assays. Interestingly, Sui1p also interacts with Nip1p, and both eIF5 and Sui1p have been implicated in accurate recognition of the AUG start codon. Thus, eIF5 and Sui1p may be recruited to the 40S ribosomes through physical interactions with the Nip1p subunit of eIF3.The initiation of protein synthesis in eukaryotic cells is dependent on multiple initiation factors (eIFs) that stimulate the binding of mRNA and methionyl-initiator tRNA (tRNA i Met ) to 40S ribosomes to form the 48S preinitiation complex (39). The Met-tRNA i Met is delivered to 40S ribosomes in a ternary complex with eIF2 and GTP, whereas the binding of mRNA to ribosomes is stimulated by eIF4F, eIF4A, eIF4B (39), and the poly(A)-binding protein Pab1p (54). Joining of the 60S subunit to form an 80S initiation complex requires hydrolysis of the GTP bound to eIF2, dissociation of the ternary complex, and release of the eIF2-GDP binary complex, and eIF5 promotes these events by stimulating GTP hydrolysis on ternary complexes bound to 40S ribosomes (39).Mammalian eIF3 is a multisubunit complex that has been implicated in several aspects of 48S complex formation. The purified factor promotes dissociation of 80S ribosomes into 40S and 60S subunits, forming a complex with the 40S subunits, and stabilizes binding of the eIF2-GTP-Met-tRNA i Met ternary complex to the 40S ribosome. It also stimulates binding of mRNA to 40S subunits (9, 56), presumably through its interactions with the cap-binding initiation factor eIF4F (36, 38) or eIF4B (41). A mammalian eIF3 complex, purified by its ability to promote methionylpuromycin (Met-puromycin) synthesis by an 80S initiation complex in an assay containing purified eIF1A, eIF2, eIF5, eIF5A, and ribos...