This review reports the effects of yttrium (Y) on the physicochemical characteristics of tin(II) dioxide (SnO 2) nanoparticles (NPs), which were efficiently synthesized via a simple hydrothermal chemical route with different doping concentrations (0, 2 and 4 at%) of Y. The structural, optical and photocatalytic properties of the as-prepared Y-doped SnO 2 (Y:SnO 2) NPs were investigated, and the results are described. X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies showed that the undoped and Y:SnO 2 NPs had a fine crystalline texture with a tetragonal structure and particle size range of 27-15 nm, although the size decreased with Y doping. High-resolution scanning electron microscopy (HRSEM) morphological analysis revealed spherical NPs forming agglomerates. Optical absorption was investigated by UV-visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, and showed a redshift in bandgap energy for Y 3+-doped SnO 2 NPs, and photoluminescence spectroscopy revealed the most intense emission peaks in the visible light region. Enhanced photocatalytic activity was observed for the doped samples, and the 4% Y:SnO 2 NPs exhibited excellent photodegradation of methylene blue aqueous (MB) dye in visible light, demonstrating 92.34% degradation in 180 min. The other photocatalysts also demonstrated greater than 85% photodegradation efficiency and high stability, with no significant reduction in activity observed after five cycles. The results indicate that the superoxide (• O 2 −) radical, a key reactive species, played a vital role in the degradation of aqueous MB dye. The probable photocatalytic mechanism of the Y:SnO 2 NPs was thoroughly investigated.

Unfortunately, the corresponding author name has been published incorrectly in the online published article. The correct author name is Ameer Baig Ali Baig.

Zr-doped SnO 2 (Zr:SnO 2) nanostructures (NSs) were produced by simplistic and low-cost co-precipitation route. The FTIR spectra of bands on 523 and 583 cm −1 were witnessed though indorsed as the features of (Sn-OH) term which approves the incident of Sn-O in the synthesized samples. The Zr:SnO 2 NSs were spherical-like and composed of numerous agglomerated particles. The decreased crystallite sizes of the pristine and Zr-doped SnO 2 NPs were 41.9, 38.9 and 35.8 nm individually. Moreover, the achievable growth manner of acquired samples was deliberated through the source of the customs of nucleation and crystal growth. The photocatalytic performances of 4% of Zr-doped SnO 2 nanoparticles (NPs) were thoroughly explored in the photodegradation of methyl orange (MO) dye, thus revealing higher photocatalytic activity in the degradation of MO than pristine and 2% of Zr-doped SnO 2 under via visible-light exposure. Related to pristine SnO 2 , the 4% Zr-doped SnO 2 NPs are accessible to greater photocatalytic capability, which could be essentially accredited to existing in the nominal defects of oxygen vacancies by the produced NPs. Eventually, founded on the self-assembly progression the possible development of photocatalytic mechanism was projected by means of reactive species in trapping tests as well. Also, the antibacterial action was attained against E. coli and S. aureus bacteria through agar well diffusion system.

No abstract

No abstract