Background and Objectives. Japanese encephalitis (JE) is the most important cause of acute and epidemic viral encephalitis. Every year sporadic JE cases are reported from the various districts of West Bengal, indicating its endemicity in this state. JE vaccination programme has been undertaken by the State Health Department of West Bengal. This study was aimed at seeing the present scenario of JE among acute encephalitis syndrome (AES) cases in West Bengal. Materials and Methods. Blood and/or CSF samples were referred from suspected AES cases to the referral virology laboratory of the Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine from different hospitals of Kolkata. IgM antibody capture ELISA was performed on the CSF and serum samples by JE virus MAC ELISA kit supplied by the National Institute of Virology, Pune. Results. The present study reveals that 22.76% and 5% of the AES cases were positive for JE IgM in 2011 and 2012, respectively. JE is mainly prevalent in children and adolescents below 20 years of age with no gender predilection. Although the percentages of JE positive cases were high in 2011, it sharply decreased thereafter possibly due to better awareness programs, due to mass vaccination, or simply due to natural epidemiological niche periodicity due to herd immunity.
being the predominant organism causing SSIs, MRSA needs the attention for its resistance to commonly used antibiotics in the hospital like penicillin, cephalosporin group of drugs. Regular monitoring of the MRSA, involved in the SSI of a particular setup is the basic requirement to trim down the incidence of the postoperative wound infections by proper antibiotic prophylaxis.
Staphylococcus haemolyticus is a common coagulase negative staphylococcus (CONS) that is a commensal of the urethra and periurethral area in both sexes. It is feared for its multi-drug resistance and is associated with urinary tract infection (UTI), soft tissue infection and blood stream infection (BSI). Here we discuss two cases, one with urinary tract infection and another with urethral discharge presenting at the outdoor in our hospital. We isolated S. haemolyticus on culture in pure form from both cases, where after the identification was confirmed by Vitek2 compact AES. Slide coagulase test was misleading as both isolates were positive by this test rendering wrong reporting as S. aureus. Both isolates were confirmed to be CONS by tube coagulase test. Antibiotic susceptibility testing showed that multi drug resistance is not encountered in community acquired infection with S. haemolyticus. Slide coagulase test was misleading as both isolates were positive for the test rendering wrong reporting as S. aureus. Interpretation of susceptibility to different drugs, on the basis of this erroneous identification, leading to the suspicion of Methicillin and / or Vancomycin resistance, leads to the patients being advised ineffective drugs for clearing the infection. However, if tube coagulase test is taken into consideration and CONS is detected, as in our case, correct identification is made possible and correct treatment strategies may be devised.
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