The cognitive reflection test (CRT) is a short measure of a person's ability to resist intuitive response tendencies and to produce a normatively correct response, which is based on effortful reasoning. Although the CRT is a very popular measure, its psychometric properties have not been extensively investigated. A major limitation of the CRT is the difficulty of the items, which can lead to floor effects in populations other than highly educated adults. The present study aimed at investigating the psychometric properties of the CRT applying item response theory analyses (a two‐parameter logistic model) and at developing a new version of the scale (the CRT‐long), which is appropriate for participants with both lower and higher levels of cognitive reflection. The results demonstrated the good psychometric properties of the original, as well as the new scale. The validity of the new scale was also assessed by measuring correlations with various indicators of intelligence, numeracy, reasoning and decision‐making skills, and thinking dispositions. Moreover, we present evidence for the suitability of the new scale to be used with developmental samples. Finally, by comparing the performance of adolescents and young adults on the CRT and CRT‐long, we report the first investigation into the development of cognitive reflection. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Digital communication technologies play an important role in the social development of young people, but can create vulnerabilities to cyberbullying and other negative online experiences. The Blurred Lives project aimed to tackle cyberbullying innovatively using a co-participatory approach, collaborating with 14-16-year olds living in areas of socioeconomic disadvantage in five European countries. In phase one, 2,658 teenagers were surveyed on their internet use and any unpleasant online experiences. This data informed the second phase where the participating countries worked together with 237 adolescents across 10 schools with adult facilitators to create original anti-cyberbullying resources for teachers, parents/carers, peers, and social media providers using the Quality Circle approach. This methodology adopts an ethos of working together to solve a problem in small, peer-led groups. Each group was tasked with creating a resource for one of the target audience groups. The final resources comprise a rich variety of different formats including videos, comic strips, a board game, leaflets, posters, and newsletters. The pupil feedback highlights, for most but not all participants, an increased knowledge of cyberbullying and e-safety skills, as well as enhanced problem-solving skills, levels of confidence, and group work skills. Several operational challenges are also discussed, including the importance of school-level support, planning, staffing, and finding an appropriate balance between facilitator support and pupil agency.

Background: Globally, almost 1.6 billion individuals lack adequate housing. Many accommodation-based approaches have evolved across the globe to incorporate additional support and services beyond delivery of housing.Objectives: This review examines the effectiveness of accommodation-based approaches on outcomes including housing stability, health, employment, crime, wellbeing, and cost for individuals experiencing or at risk of experiencing homelessness.Search Methods: The systematic review is based on evidence already identified in two existing EGMs commissioned by the Centre for Homelessness Impact (CHI) and built by White et al. The maps were constructed using a comprehensive three stage search and mapping process. Stage one mapped included studies in an existing systematic review on homelessness, stage two was an extensive search of 17 academic databases, three EGM databases, and eight systematic review databases. Finally stage three included web searches for grey literature, scanning reference lists of included studies and consultation with experts to identify additional literature. We identified 223 unique studies across 551 articles from the effectiveness map on 12th April 2019.Selection Criteria: We include research on all individuals currently experiencing, or at risk of experiencing homelessness irrespective of age or gender, in high-income countries. The Network Meta-Analysis (NMA) contains all study designs where a comparison group was used. This includes randomised controlled trials (RCTs), quasi-experimental designs, matched comparisons and other study designs that attempt to isolate the impact of the intervention on homelessness. The NMA primarily addresses how interventions can reduce homelessness and increase housing stability for those individuals experiencing, or at risk of experiencing, homelessness. Additional outcomes are examined and narratively described. These include: access to mainstream healthcare; crime and justice; employment and income; capabilities and wellbeing; and cost of intervention. These outcomes reflect the domains used in the EGM, with the addition of cost.

Involving men and boys in family planning: A systematic review of the effective components and characteristics of complex interventions in low-and middle-income countries. Campbell Systematic Reviews, 19(1), e1296. [e1926].

Homelessness affects individuals who are experiencing life without safe, adequate or stable housing. Conceived in this way, homeless not only describes those individuals who are visibly homeless and living on the street, but also those precariously housed individuals who; stay in emergency accommodation, sleep in crowded or inadequate housing, and those who are not safe in their living environment. Kuhn and Culhane (1998) further classify individuals experiencing homelessness as those who are chronically homeless, those who are transitionally homeless and those who experience episodic bouts of homelessness. There are causal relationships between various situational and personal factors which lead to an individual experiencing homelessness (Anderson & Christian, 2003; Morse, 1992). Most researchers do agree that important factors include (but are not limited to); a lack of affordable and adequate housing, poverty caused by unemployment or lack of available resources, absence or reduction of health and social services, breakdowns of personal relationships (Crisis, 2020). Global data suggests that at least 1.6 billion people lack adequate housing (Habitat for Humanity, 2017). In the European context this figure continues to rise across all European Union member states with the exception of Finland where homelessness has been on the decline since 1987 (FEANTSA 2017; Y-Foundation, 2017). Without access to housing, individuals are exposed to disease, poverty, isolation, mental health issues, prejudice and discrimination, and are under constant and significant threat to their personal safety. Therefore, having access to safe, stable and adequate housing is internationally recognised as a basic human right (OHCHR, 2009) and is central to developing a population who are living healthy, safe and happy lives. Individuals who are currently experiencing poorer physical and mental health are overrepresented in the homeless population (Link, 2014). Additionally, for the large population who are currently living without homes they continue to suffer due to social inequalities which are persistent and enduring and continue to widen over time. These social inequalities coupled with poor health make the pathways out of homelessness especially challenging. Some of these obstacles include; inability to hold steady employment (Rosenberg & Kim, 2018), encountering prejudice and discrimination while trying to access services (Ramsay, Hossain, Moore, Milo, & Brown, 2019), and addiction issues (Tsemberis, 2011).