Deforestation of Caatinga and inadequate land use of these dry environments have impacted soil quality in Northeastern Brazil. The objectives of this study were: (a) to evaluate the effect of deforestation and different agricultural uses on the physical and chemical properties of soil, and humic fractions of soil organic matter in dry environments; and (b) to detect the soil properties that were most affected by anthropic actions. We evaluated four dry areas in Chapada do Araripe, NE Brazil: preserved native vegetation; degraded native vegetation; cassava conventional cultivation; and eucalyptus agro-energy cultivation. Soil fertility, total organic carbon and humic fractions of soil organic matter were lower in the degraded native vegetation area. The best indicators for soil quality evaluation were: macroporosity; bulk density; soil resistance penetration; sum of bases (mainly Ca 2+ ); available P; and saturation by Al 3+ . Total organic carbon and humic acid fractions of soil organic matter were important in improving soil quality. These properties were influenced by deforestation and agricultural uses, suggesting that the deforestation of native vegetation in dry environments has high capacity to degrade the soil, preventing its regeneration.