A Au-catalyzed versatile and efficient access to 1H-isochromenes is reported. The efficiency of the [AuCl2(Pic)] complex (1-5 mol %) was demonstrated and allowed a domino cycloisomerization/reduction reaction process starting from a wide range of functionalized ortho-alkynylbenzaldehydes and one example of ortho-alkynylpyridinylaldehyde. The smooth reaction conditions were amenable to aryl- and alkyl-substituted alkynyl derivatives, as well as functionalized halogen and ether moieties, leading to a chemo- and regioselective 6-endo-cyclization with good to excellent yields.

The gold-catalyzed domino cyclization/nucleophilic reaction of ortho-carbonylalkynylaryls has been studied. Thus, 2-(pyridin-2-ylethynyl)­benzaldehyde has been chosen to isolate key intermediates that may take part in the reaction mechanism. Employing Hantzsch ester (HEH) as nucleophile, it has been impossible to isolate the corresponding gold–alkenyl specie; however, when methanol was used as solvent (and nucleophile), the expected chelate gold–vinyl complex was isolated and unambiguously characterized by X-ray analysis. When HEH is present in the alcoholic reaction mixture, isotopic studies show that the cleavage of the Au–C bond of gold–vinyl complex proceeds through a protodemetalation pathway, rather than a plausible metal–hydride reductive elimination mechanism. Finally, with the aim of broadening the scope of the cyclization/reduction reaction previously reported, we present that the catalytic system is robust and applicable for a diverse family of challenging substrates presenting ester, aldehyde, ether, alkene, and alkyne functionalities.

Melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH)1 receptors are widely expressed in limbic structures and cortex. Their inactivation is associated with anxiolytic and antidepressive properties but little information is available concerning cognition. This issue was addressed using the selective antagonists, SNAP-7941 and GW3430, in a social recognition paradigm in rats. The muscarinic blocker, scopolamine (1.25 mg/kg s.c.), reduced social recognition, an action dose-dependently blocked by SNAP-7941 and GW3430 (0.63-10.0 and 20.0-80.0 mg/kg i.p., respectively) which did not themselves display amnesic properties. Further, in a protocol where a spontaneous deficit was induced by a prolonged inter-session delay, SNAP-7941 and GW3430 dose-dependently enhanced social recognition. In dialysis studies, SNAP-7941 (0.63-40.0 mg/kg i.p.) and GW3430 (10.0-40.0 mg/kg i.p.) elevated extracellular levels of acetylcholine (ACh) in the frontal cortex (FCX) of freely moving rats. The SNAP-7941 effect was specific, as it did not increase levels of ACh in ventral and dorsal hippocampus: moreover, it did not modify levels of noradrenaline, dopamine, serotonin and glutamate in FCX. Active doses of SNAP-7941 and GW3430 corresponded to doses (2.5-40.0 and 10.0-80.0 mg/kg i.p., respectively) exerting anxiolytic properties in Vogel conflict and ultrasonic vocalization tests, and antidepressant actions in forced swim, isolation-induced aggression and marble-burying procedures. In contrast to SNAP-7941 and GW3430, the benzodiazepine, diazepam, decreased social recognition and dialysate levels of ACh, while the tricyclic, imipramine, reduced social recognition and failed to enhance cholinergic transmission. In conclusion, at anxiolytic and antidepressant doses, SNAP-7941 and GW3430 improve social recognition and elevate extracellular ACh levels in FCX. This profile differentiates MCH1 receptor antagonists from conventional anxiolytic and antidepressant agents.