X-ray structures of proteins bound to ligand molecules containing a nucleic acid base were systematically searched for cation-interactions between the base and a positively charged or partially charged side chain group located above it, using geometric criteria. Such interactions were found in 38% of the complexes and are thus even more frequent than -stacking interactions. They are moreover well conserved in families of related proteins. The overwhelming majority of cation-contacts involve Ade bases, as these constitute by far the most frequent ligand building block; Arg-Ade is the most frequent cation-pair. Ab initio energy calculations at MP2 level were performed on all recorded pairs. Though cation-interactions involving the net positive charge carried by Arg or Lys side chains are the most favorable energetically, those involving the partial positive charge of Asn and Gln side chain amino groups (sometimes referred to as amino-interactions) are favorable too, owing to the electron correlation energy contribution. Chains of cation-interactions with a nucleobase bound simultaneously to two charged groups or a charged group sandwiched between two aromatic moieties are found in several complexes. The systematic association of these motifs with specific ligand molecules in unrelated protein sequences raises the question of their role in protein-ligand structure, stability, and recognition.

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