In this short article, the author proposes to redefine the identifying criteria for neolithicisation, no longer on the basis of sociocultural data traditionally accepted by the authors concerned but by means of observations of a biological, i.e. ecological nature. Neolithic man gradually got rid of his original and animal status of predator, transforming himself into food-producing farmer, thus breaking adrift from the natural environment from which he came. This catastrophe - in the mathematical sense of the term - the first of the history of humanity, caused an immediate sanction: the occurrence of intensive epidemics affecting both animals and human beings, corresponding to the control of animals whose germs passed to humans, prefiguring all historical and modern epidemics. Other consequences of this Neolithic ecological catastrophe (deterioration of the climate, violence and war, deforestation, genetic diseases, etc.) are also analysed, insofar as they are the first steps of our current interference in a World increasingly devastated by mankind.
L'auteur se propose ici de faire la part exacte, sous l'impulsion des dernières découvertes effectuées en archéologie funéraire, de la place du cadavre au sein de l'étude des pratiques mortuaires anciennes. En effet, alors que l'ostéo-archéologie classique avait redonné - à juste titre - une position centrale aux restes anthropologiques au sein des tombes, il apparaissait que le cadavre (au sens large du terme) restait méconnu ou du moins oublié en tant qu'entité préliminaire située en amont de ces pratiques. Ainsi une nouvelle discipline, la nécro-archéologie, dont les avenues restent encore à profiler d'un point de vue conceptuel, pourrait permettre de préciser à la fois les données socio-culturelles qui imprègnent les pratiques mortuaires anciennes et les contraintes biologiques (vie, maladies et mort) qui s'y rattachent, contraintes souvent ignorées des auteurs et des chercheurs classiques.
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