Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) promote functional recoveries in pathological experimental models of the central nervous system and are currently being tested in clinical trials for neurological disorders. However, no studies have examined the various roles of embryonic stem cell derived (ES)-MSCs in eliciting therapeutic effects for Alzheimer's disease (AD). In the present study, we investigated the neuroprotective effect of ES-MSCs in cellular and animal models of AD, as well as the safety of the intra-arterial administration of ES-MSCs in an AD animal model. ES-MSCs displayed higher cell viability than that of bone marrow (BM)-MSCs in amyloid-␤ (A␤)-induced cellular models. Moreover, the efficacy of autophagy induction in ES-MSCs was comparable to that of BM-MSCs; however, intracellular A␤ levels were more significantly reduced in ES-MSCs than in BM-MSCs. In a rat model of AD, ES-MSCs significantly inhibited A␤-induced cell death in the hippocampus and promoted autophagolysosomal clearance of A␤, which was concomitantly followed by decreased levels of A␤ in the hippocampus. Furthermore, ES-MSC treatment in A␤-treated rats featured a higher memory performance than that of rats injected solely with A␤. Finally, intra-arterial administration of an appropriate cell density of ES-MSCs was safe and free from in situ occlusion or cerebral ischemia. These data support the therapeutic potential of ES-MSCs and clinical applications of the intra-arterial route of ES-MSC administration in AD.

PurposeWe aimed to investigate the nursing process linkages formed by Nursing Interventions Classification (NIC) and Nursing Outcomes Classification (NOC) according to the primary NANDA‐I diagnoses by registered nurses (RNs), customized to nursing home (NH) residents in Korea, using a developed smartphone application for NH RNs.MethodsThis is a retrospective descriptive study. Applying quota sampling, a total of 51 NHs from all operating 686 NHs hiring RNs participated in this study. Data were collected from June 21 to July 30, 2022. Data on NANDA‐I, NIC, NOC (NNN) of nurses applied to the NH residents were collected through a developed smartphone application. The application consists of general organization and residents’ characteristics, NANDA‐I, NIC, and NOC. RNs selected randomly up to 10 residents and NANDA‐I with risk factors and related factors over the past 7 days, followed by all applied interventions out of 82 NIC. RNs then evaluated residents through 79 selected NOC.ResultsWe found the frequently used NANDA‐I diagnoses, Nursing Interventions Classifications and Nursing Outcomes and Classifications applied for NH residents by RNs and developed the top five NOC linkages used to build care plan.ConclusionIt is time to pursue high‐level evidence and reply to the questions raised in NH practice using NNN with high technology. The outcomes for patients and nursing staff are improved by the continuity of care made possible by uniform language.Implications for nursing practiceNNN linkages should be used to construct and utilize the coding system of electronic health records or electronic medical records in Korean long‐term care facilities.