BackgroundcDC1 is a subset of conventional DCs, whose most recognized function is cross-presentation to CD8+ T cells. We conducted this study to investigate the number and location of cDC1s in various human kidney diseases as well as their correlation with clinico-pathological features and CD8+ T cells.MethodsWe analyzed 135 kidney biopsies samples. Kidney diseases included: acute tubular necrosis (ATN), acute interstitial nephritis (AIN), proliferative glomerulonephritis (GN) (IgA nephropathy, lupus nephritis, pauci-immune GN, anti-GBM disease), non-proliferative GN (minimal change disease, membranous nephropathy) and diabetic nephropathy. Indirect immunofluorescence staining was used to quantify cDC1s, CD1c+ DCs, and CD8+ T cells.ResultscDC1s were rarely present in normal kidneys. Their number increased significantly in ATN and proliferative GN, proportionally much more than CD1c+ DCs. cDC1s were mainly found in the interstitium, except in lupus nephritis, pauci-immune GN and anti-GBM disease, where they were prominent in glomeruli and peri-glomerular regions. The number of cDC1s correlated with disease severity in ATN, number of crescents in pauci-immune GN, interstitial fibrosis in IgA nephropathy and lupus nephritis, as well as prognosis in IgA nephropathy. The number of CD8+ T cells also increased significantly in these conditions and cDC1 number correlated with CD8+ T cell number in lupus nephritis and pauci-immune GN, with many of them closely co-localized.ConclusionscDC1 number correlated with various clinic-pathological features and prognosis reflecting a possible role in these conditions. Their association with CD8+ T cells suggests a combined mechanism in keeping with the results in animal models.

No abstract

used for an overall look at the very first design steps, noise figure is tried to be matched in first stage without much compromise in gain, return loss, and bandwidth. Considering the selected bias points and these constraints, minimum noise figure is found near 70 GHz. However, in full layout simulations, this frequency shifted to 60 GHz being 4 dB and, at 77 GHz, noise figure is simulated as 4.45 dB. From the simulations, it is seen that the measured results almost overlaps the simulation results in gain and return loss performances.In Figure 7, input and output power handling performances extracted from the simulations of each are presented. From the results, it is seen that LNA1, LNA2, and LNA3 have output 1 dB compression points of 26, 210, and 24 dBm. Furthermore, LNA3 has a 5.5 dBm of OIP3 (output third-order intercept point) from two-tone intermodulation simulations.In Table 1, some of the state-of-the-art LNAs (mostly SiGe technology for a proper comparison including some other technologies) operating in W-band are shown. According to the results of proposed LNA3, highest bandwidth and gain with low noise figure are extracted while input and output return losses are better than 10 dB for the whole frequency band which implies that LNA3 could be used as a complete amplifier, not requiring any off-chip matching networks. CONCLUSIONThis article presents the results of fabricated W-band LNA chips that were built using the SiGe BiCMOS 0.13 mm SG13G2 technology of IHP Microelectronics. The chips are designed based on common-emitter topology with cascode, single-ended, and multi-stage configurations. Among these chips, the three-stage single-ended HBT-based amplifier offers an ultra-wideband operation to be utilized in W-band automotive and imaging applications. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this design achieves one of the best overall performances compared to other W-band LNAs (see Table 1).ACKNOWLEDGMENT ABSTRACT: A four-antenna multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system with the most compact radiators for small mobile terminals is presented in this letter. The MIMO antenna has four identical elements which are positioned in each corner of the PCB board. Each antenna element consists of an L-shaped radiator and two interdigital shorting stubs, producing the 2.4/5.2/5.8 GHz wireless local area network bands with a small size of only 6.5 3 9 mm 2 . Two different isolation structures are introduced simultaneously to mitigate mutual coupling between various elements. Consequently, mutual coupling less than 215 dB at both Figure 8 Characteristics of spectrum and SMSR values by changing the temperature. [Color figure can be viewed in the online issue, which is available at wileyonlinelibrary.com]

No abstract