Three hundred sixty undergraduates participated in small groups in an experiment that tested 2 strategies, based on the social categorization approach, for reducing intergroup bias. Both strategies involved recategorizing members' conceptual representations of the aggregate compared with a control condition designed to maintain initial group boundaries. The recategorization treatments induced members of 2 3-person groups to conceive of both memberships as I 6-person group or as 6 separate individuals. The findings revealed that the one-group and separate-individuals conditions, as compared with the control condition, reduced intergroup bias. Furthermore, these recategorized conditions reduced bias in different ways consistent with Brewer's (1979) analysis and Turner's (1985) self-categorization theory. Specifically, the 1 -group representation reduced bias primarily by increasing the attractiveness of former out-group members, whereas the separate-individuals representation primarily decreased the attractiveness of former in-group members. Implications for the utility of these strategies are discussed.

This experiment examined the hypothesis derived from the social categorization perspective that intergroup cooperation reduces bias by transforming members' cognitive representations of the aggregate from 2 groups to 1 group. Two 3-person groups experienced intergroup contact under conditions that varied (a) members' representations of the aggregate as 1 group or 2 groups (without involving cooperation) and (b) the presence or absence of intergroup cooperation. As expected, in the absence of cooperation, bias was lower among Ss induced to conceive of the 6 participants as 1 group rather than as 2 groups. Also as predicted, among Ss in the 2-groups condition, intergroup cooperation increased the strength of the 1-group representation and decreased bias. Multiple regression mediation analysis revealed, as expected, that members' representations mediated bias and that the 1-group representation primarily increased the attractiveness of former outgroup members.

By 24 months, ankles treated with STAR ankle replacement (in both the Pivotal and Continued Access Groups) had better function and equivalent pain relief as ankles treated with fusion.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical results of Osteochondral Autograft Transfer System (OATS) for the treatment of symptomatic osteochondral defects of the talus using standardized outcome analysis. Nineteen patients with symptomatic osteochondral defect (OCD) of the talus were treated with autologous osteochondral grafting. There were six men and 13 women. The average age was 32 years (range, 18 to 48 years). The average duration of symptoms prior to surgery was 4.2 years (range, three months to 12 years). All patients had failed nonoperative treatment, and 13 (68%) patients had failed prior excision, curettage and/or drilling of the lesion. The average size of the lesion prior to autografting was 12 mm x 10 mm (range, 10 x 5 mm to 20 x 20 mm). Donor plugs were harvested from the trochlear border of the ipsilateral femoral condyle. Ankle exposure was obtained with a medial malleolar osteotomy in 13 patients, arthrotomy in five patients and lateral malleolar osteotomy in one patient. Clinical evaluations were performed for both the recipient ankle and donor knee using the AOFAS Ankle/Hindfoot Scale and Lysholm knee scale, respectively. The average follow-up time was 16 months (range, 12 to 30 months). The average postoperative AOFAS ankle score was 88 (range, 60 to 100). Most patients had occasional mild pain, but excellent function, range of motion, stability and alignment. The average postoperative ankle score for the 13 patients who failed prior surgery was 91 (range, 84 to 100). The average postoperative Lysholm knee score was 97 (range, 87 to 100). Only two patients had mild knee pain. Postoperative radiographs were available for 13 patients. There was no evidence of graft subsidence and all grafts healed. All malleolar osteotomies united. Seventeen (89%) patients said that they would undergo the procedure again. The results of osteochondral autograft transplant for OCD lesions of the talus demonstrate excellent postoperative ankle scores including improvement of pain and function with minimal knee donor site morbidity. Also, our results indicate that this is an effective salvage procedure following failed previous procedures and for patients with longstanding symptoms.

The first U.S. prospective long-term survivorship data with the STAR™ Ankle prosthesis found it to be an excellent long-term option for the treatment of ankle arthritis.