Infrared analysis showed that the bonding habit of oxyanions with freshly precipitated hydrous ferric oxides depends upon the nature of the anion and its hydration level. Monovalent oxyanions adsorb through an electrostatic interaction with the hydrated hydrous oxide surface. All divalent oxyanions, with the exception of tellurate, coordinate directly with surface iron cations. Tellurate, an octahedral anion, apparently penetrates and incorporates in the hydrous oxide structure. The symmetry of the free anion has a significant role in determining the configuration of the resultant complex. For anions of the same charge, those with tetrahedral geometry (in uncoordinated states) show a higher degree of specificity for the surface than the trigonal planer anions. Without exception, each bidentate bridging complex forms by replacement of protonated and unprotonated hydroxyls. With the anion geometry and the charge being equal, the suspension pH determines the adsorption capacity of the hydrous oxide.

No abstract

Adult-child sexual behavior has its roots in antiquity. Young castrated boys were prized as sexual partners by wealthy Romans, and the use of child courtesans was once an acceptable part of life in China and Russia. Even the ancient Greeks condoned sexual activities with children. And sexual contact of children by adults, as well as incest taboos, can be found in most cultures.Child sexual abuse in modern times has been thought to exist, but its frequency has been judged to be rare. An early study by Hamilton (1929), suggesting that about 22% of male children and 20% of female children had been exposed to some form of inappropriate sexual behavior by an adult, was largely ignored by a nation insulated by a state of denial and protective misinformation. Likewise, few took notice in 1937, when Bender and Blau warned that child seductions were more frequent than court and social agency reports had indicated. Although some progress was made in educating the public about the possibility of child sexual abuse with the publication of Alfred Kinsey's landmark reports of male sexual behavior in the 1940s (Kinsey, Pomeroy, & Martin, 1948) and female sexual behavior in the 1950s (Kinsey, Pomeroy, Martin, & Gebhard, 1953), accurate incidence and prevalence rates remained elusive. For example, Weinberg (1955) estimated only 1 case of incest per million persons in 1930, whereas research by Landis (1956) suggested that 35% of women 339

The partial oxidation of methane with oxygen in microwave plasma reactors is explored as a process to convert methane to methanol. Controlling the free-radical reactions in the plasma reactors is critical for the selective conversion of methane. To this end, two basic designs of reactors are studied as the key factor in controlling the free-radical reactions. One design has the reactants well mixed upstream of the plasma zone. The other has at least one reactant gas introduced downstream of the plasma zone. The latter type has an inherent advantage that the critical free-radical reactions occur away from the plasma zone so that the intermediates leading to the desired product do not further react in the plasma zone. In addition, if methane is introduced downstream of the plasma zone, the methane dimerization is essentially eliminated.

The use of microwave-induced plasmas as a method to oligomerize methane to higher hydrocarbons has been studied. The pressure range used was 10−20 Torr and the applied power was 60 W. The microwave power is coupled to the plasma by means of either an Evenson or a Beenakker cavity, the Beenakker being the most effective. We explored the effect of the presence of a dielectric material on the product distribution for this reaction. The values of the dielectric constants for these materials varied from 2.6 for Pb(Ac)2 to 10 000 for MnO2 relative to the vacuum. No direct correlation was found, but in some cases the selectivities toward C6s to C8s were enhanced. TiO2 and Li2CO3 increased the selectivities toward C6s. SnO2 was the best for selectivities to C7s and C8s. When a coating of Si/SiC on the reactor walls was present in the plasma zone, the selectivities toward C6s and C7s increased with respect to both materials (Si and SiC) by themselves. We also studied the effect of cavities in series and cavities in parallel on the oligomerization of methane with and without dielectric material in between the cavities. When methane and iodine are activated separately and then recombined, it seems that the oligomerization of methane is enhanced toward higher hydrocarbons. We found that when a dielectric material is placed in between and when the distance between the two cavities in series is the largest, the oligomerization of methane toward high molecular weight hydrocarbons is maximized.